The Pandora Report

This week’s Pandora Report covers the Trump administration’s FY 2026 budget request and what it may entail for global health, public health, scientific research, and US nuclear weapons. Further updates on HHS and a federal case against a Chinese couple accused of smuggling a toxic fungus into the United States are included as well.

Trump’s Budget Request, Recission Plan Aim to Further Cut Global and Public Health Funding

The Trump administration’s recission package and FY 2026 budget request both aim to slash global and public health funding even further while giving conflicting reasons for cutting funding for some programs while increasing it for others. Some examples of these proposed cuts include ending US funding for Gavi, cuts to PEPFAR and the President’s Malaria Initiative, and a proposal to eliminate CDC’s Global Health Center as part of a 25% reduction in discretionary funding for HHS. The proposal reads in part, “The request eliminates funding for programs that do not make Americans safer, such as family planning and reproductive health, neglected tropical diseases, and nonemergency nutrition.”

Later, in its section about CDC, the proposal states, “The Budget eliminates duplicative, DEI, or simply unnecessary programs, including: the National Center for Chronic Diseases Prevention and Health Promotion; National Center for Environmental Health; National Center for Injury Prevention and Control; the Global Health Center; Public Health Preparedness and Response, which can be conducted more effectively by States; and the Preventive Health and Human Services Block Grant, the purposes for which can be best funded by States. The Budget refocuses CDC on emerging and infectious disease surveillance, outbreak investigations, preparedness and response, and maintaining the Nation’s public health infrastructure. The Budget maintains more than $4 billion for CDC.”

This request requires congressional approval, but it represents an incredibly short-sighted and misinformed move on the part of the administration. Slashing global and public health funding, including within CDC, in a bid to “refocus” CDC on emerging and infectious disease surveillance, outbreak investigation, and preparedness and response is nonsensical. Outbreaks do not have to start in the US to affect people in the US, as is evidenced by the current measles outbreaks in the US, which began with international travelers who were infected.

Furthermore, it will be incredibly difficult to be prepared for these threats when the administration is constantly cutting domestic public health and research funding. This budget proposal, as currently written, would also slash HHS’ by 25%, from $127 billion down to $95 billion. The administration would also like to cut NIH funding by $18 billion down to $27.5 billion.

At the same time, the proposal calls for $500 million funding for “Make American Healthy Again (MAHA),” which it describes as “Building on the work of the President’s Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) Commission and Executive Order 14212, “Establishing the President’s Make America Healthy Again Commission,” the Budget provides $500 million for the MAHA initiative, which would allow the Secretary to tackle nutrition, physical activity, healthy lifestyles, over-reliance on medication and treatments, the effects of new technological habits, environmental impacts, and food and drug quality and safety across HHS.”

While the proposal aims to continue HHS efforts to terminate and reduce offices and programs the administration deems duplicative, it also would give the proposed Administration for a Healthy America a $14 billion budget while combining OASH, HRSA, SAMHSA, ATSDR, and NIOSH. This is all while cutting funding for the US Preventative Services Task Force and the ACA Prevention and Public Health Fund.

This budget proposal represents more MAHA nonsense that pays yet more lip service to the idea of improving Americans’ health while continuing to cut funding for programs that actually help do that. Furthermore, it continues the Trump administration’s efforts to end US involvement in global health and international development, something that is already proving detrimental both for the United States itself as well as countless others around the world.

Further Reading:

• “The Disappearing Funds for Global Health,” Irena Hwang, Jon Huang, Emily Anthes, Blacki Migliozzi and Benjamin Mueller, The New York Times
• “Trump Budget Request and Rescission Plan Slashes Global Health Funding,” Sara Jerving, Devex
• “Sudden Impact: When Health Programs End,” Elna Schütz, Public Health
• “The U.S. Slashed HIV/AIDS Funding. Here is How Countries That Relied on it Might Adapt,” Simar Bajaj, STAT News
• “Deep Cuts Erode the Foundations of US Public Health System, End Progress, Threaten Worse to Come,” Laura Ungar and Michelle R. Smith, AP
• “New HHS Document Details Deep NIH Cuts as Part of Trump Budget Request,” Jonathan Wosen and Daniel Payne, STAT News
• “Exodus of USDA Veterinarians and Others Drives Fears that U.S. Farms Are at Risk,” Andrea Hsu, NPR

Trump Administration Requests Budget Increase for NNSA, DOD Nuclear Programs

The same budget request that would continue to slash funding for public health and critical scientific research also asks for a significant increase in funding for the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). The request is for $25 billion, up from $19 billion this year, a 29% increase. $15.6 billion of this would be for the agency’s weapons accounts. This would support modernization efforts, infrastructure revitalization, and other S&T investments. The request also includes increases for DOD nuclear programs, which total about $28.9 billion in the request. Meanwhile, funding for the National Science Foundation would plummet 55% under this proposal, from $8.8 billion this year to $3.9 billion the next.

When asked about this, a spokesperson for the White House said, “The president’s budget strengthens U.S. leadership in research and development by ensuring that federal funding goes to legitimate research, not woke waste.”

Further Reading:

• “Why We Should Worry About Nuclear Weapons Again,” Jon B. Wolfsthal, Hans Kristensen, and Matt Korda, The Washington Post
• “The U.S. Can’t Afford to Lose the Biotech Race with China,” Eric Schmidt and Dawn Meyerriecks, Time

Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Lead Resigns

Lakshmi Panagiotakopoulos, a senior official at CDC overseeing the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), resigned recently following a directive from Secretary Kennedy to update CDC’s recommendations for COVID-19 vaccinations. Panagiotakopoulos was with CDC for over a decade. In an email to ACIP’s COVID-19 vaccines work group, she wrote, “My career in public health and vaccinology started with a deep-seated desire to help the most vulnerable members of our population, and that is not something I am able to continue doing in this role.”

RFK Jr. Announces Moderns Will Test Its COVID-19 Vaccine Against Placebo

Sec. Kennedy announced this week that Moderna has agreed to conduct a placebo-controlled trial for its new COVID-19 vaccine, mNEXSPIKE. This came after the FDA’s limited approval of the vaccine for adults aged 65 and up and people aged 12-64 with at least one underlying health condition, a departure from previous FDA approvals for COVID-19 vaccines. Efforts to require placebo-controlled trials are considered by many experts to be both unnecessary and unethical for established vaccines like those for COVID-19 because of the risk of exposing people to preventable illness while delaying vaccine availability and potentially undermining public trust.

PRC Nationals Charged with Smuggling Pathogen into US

Two PRC nationals, Jian Yunqing and Liu Zunyong, have been charged with conspiring to smuggle Fusarium graminearum (Gibberella zeae), a toxic fungus, into the United States. The fungus is known to cause substantial agricultural damage. Allegedly, the pair intended to smuggle it into the University of Michigan laboratory Jian is a postdoc in. The pair researched the fungus together as university students in China. They have been charged with with conspiracy, smuggling goods into the United States, false statements, and visa fraud.

UK National Audit Office Finds Country Not Ready for Major Animals Disease Outbreaks

Recent reporting from the UK’s National Audit Office reveals that just 5% of live animal imports to the country undergo physical checks, much lower than the target of 100% set by the Animal and Plant Health Agency. This is reportedly primarily due to delays and technological issues, raising concerns about the UK’s ability to respond effectively to outbreaks of diseases like bird flu and foot-and-mouth disease.

“ASPPH Broken Lifelines: The Economic Consequences of Defunding Academic Public Health”

From ASPPH: “The Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health (ASPPH) has released Broken Lifelines, a new report outlining how recent federal funding cuts are harming academic public health. The report highlights the deep economic, institutional, and workforce impacts of the 2025 budget disruptions and why restoring federal investment is critical to the nation’s health and preparedness.”

“Public Health Preparedness: HHS Needs a Coordinated National Approach for Diagnostic Testing for Pandemic Threats”

This GAO report assesses HHS’ COVID-19 response. In this study, GAO found that “Infectious diseases with pandemic potential—such as avian influenza—pose a threat to American lives, national security, and economic interests. The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) leads federal diagnostic testing efforts related to such diseases. It must work with public and private stakeholders who, among other things, administer tests and collect data.”

“An expert roundtable GAO convened suggested nearly 100 actions HHS should take to improve diagnostic testing development, deployment, guidance, and data collection for the future. Several actions also cut across these areas. HHS officials said they are taking some steps to improve diagnostic testing related to the actions suggested by experts. For example, to help expand the number of entities able to test during an emergency, HHS has developed guidance for non-traditional laboratories seeking approval to perform testing.”

“Confronting the Non-Communicable Disease Burden in Developing Countries”

From FP Analytics: “As the leading cause of death worldwide, non-communicable diseases (NCDs) will kill an estimated 52 million people annually by 2030. Almost half of this burden can be attributed to cardiometabolic diseases, consisting of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and metabolic conditions such as diabetes, which are anticipated to result in a combined 35.6 million deaths annually by 2050. Though these impacts will be felt globally, three-quarters of NCD deaths are set to occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by 2030, especially in Africa and Asia. Indeed, LMICs will account for 85 percent of premature NCD deaths, stemming from limited access to prevention and treatment compounded by under-resourced and strained health systems. Considering that as much as 80 percent of NCDs can be prevented or delayed into old age through affordable interventions, the high rate of premature death—and high associated costs—represents a major policy failure for developing and wealthy countries alike.”

Read here.

Sequence Screening Tools Pass NIST Test

In this preprint article, “Inter-tool analysis of a NIST dataset for assessing baseline nucleic acid sequence screening,” RTX BBN, Battelle, Aclid, International Biosecurity and Biosafety Initiative for Science (IBBIS), SecureDNA, Todd Treangen and Signature Science, LLC worked with the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) to empirically establish a baseline across all of the current deployed nucleic acid synthesis screening tools. NIST constructed a test dataset based on current screening recommendations and then sent blinded datasets to sequence screening tool developers for testing. Overall, there was a general agreement between the tools and NIST assignments of the sequences and all tools had a baseline performance of greater than 95% sensitivity and 97% accuracy.

“2024 Assessment of the DEVCOM Army Research Laboratory”

From NASEM: “The U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (DEVCOM) Army Research Laboratory (ARL) is the U.S. Army’s sole fundamental research laboratory focused on cutting-edge scientific discovery and technological innovations that offer great potential to strengthen the U.S. Army. The mission of ARL is to operationalize science for transformational overmatch in support of persistent Army modernization.”

“At the request of Army, this report examines the following four ARL competencies: biological and biotechnology sciences; network, cyber, and computational sciences; photonics, electronics, and quantum sciences; and sciences of extreme materials. The cross-cutting conclusions for the four competencies assessed in this report focus on encouraging a streamlined administrative approval process to enable conference attendance; creating bilateral forums with industry, academia, and government; continuing cross-pollination efforts through communication and collaboration; and increasing awareness of emerging computational methodologies.”

“Down with the Sickness: Biological Weapons in the Past, Present, and Future”

Michael Redlich recently published this Belfer Center paper: “In this paper I perform a survey of biological weapons. I begin with an overview of the subtypes of biological weapons and investigate the technical considerations associated with their production and deployment. I trace the history of their usage from the 14th century B.C.E. to the present, with particular emphasis on the Biological Weapons Convention of 1972 and biological weapon production since then. Consideration is given to the motivations of states that have chosen to pursue biological weapons. I examine, too, the United States’ biodefense program. In the final section I discuss possible future usage of biological weapons and propose several policy stances to reduce that threat.”

“Responsible Biodesign Workshop: AI, Protein Design, and the Biosecurity Landscape – Recommended Actions”

This preprint was authored by Rivera et al.: “This report presents Recommended Actions from the January 2025 Responsible Biodesign Workshop, which convened leading experts across AI-enabled biomolecular design and biosecurity policy. Building on existing community commitments for the Responsible Development of AI for Protein Design, the Recommended Actions aim to guide scientists, policy practitioners, and funding bodies in ensuring safe and beneficial development of AI-enabled biomolecular design tools. The Recommended Actions focus on advancing AI-Resilient nucleic acid synthesis security screening, assessing the risk-benefit landscape of biomolecular design capabilities, and building fora for sustained engagement between scientists and policy practitioners.”

“MATCH 2.0: A New Ledger for Nonproliferation”

From the Stimson Center: “Every year, States Parties to the Chemical Weapons Convention declare to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons their trade in dual-use chemicals—substances with legitimate industrial uses that can also be weaponized. Yet year after year, these declarations don’t add up. In reporting for 2023, three-quarters of declared dual-use chemical transfers had discrepancies, representing a risk that some chemicals are unaccounted for and could potentially have been diverted for use as chemical weapons.”

“MATCH 2.0 explores a bold solution: can blockchain-style technology help nonproliferation stakeholders spot and fix these errors before they become risks? Through real-world testing, MATCH 2.0 shows how Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) could help strengthen trust and transparency while preventing the reemergence of chemical weapons.”

Read here.

“Virus Hunter Peter Piot: How a Chance Encounter Sparked His Life Mission”

This piece from Stanford FSI details Peter Piot’s words at the annual Rosenkranz Global health Policy Research Symposium. Piot is famous for his work on Ebola and AIDS. Read here.

What We’re Listening To 🎧

Biosecurity: Changing the Game, “Taking Biological Threats Off The Table Through Next-Generation Global South Leadership (Pt. II)”
“This episode is the second half of Dr. Dinah Nasike’s discussion with a group of next generation leaders who have decided to get involved in taking biological threats off the table by pitching a powerful proposal to the world on the 100 Days Mission: The Biosecurity Emerging Leaders Declaration at the 61st Munich Security Conference.”

Listen here.

NEW: INSPIRE: Readiness – Tackling Public Health Communication Conundrums: Rumors and Public Trust

“Join ASTHO for a timely conversation as we explore strategies to safeguard public health and build public trust. In today’s fast-paced information landscape, misleading rumors pose a serious threat to public health efforts, weakening trust and diminishing effective response. To address this complex issue, this webinar brings together experienced public health champions to share real-world strategies and lessons learned in their communities.”

“This INSPIRE: Readiness session will highlight communication tactics, cross-agency collaborations, and community engagement tools that may be used to help dispel harmful public health rumors. Inaccurate information, whether about vaccines, disease outbreaks, or public health mandates, can spread quickly through social media, word of mouth, or online forums – often overshadowing accurate messages from trusted sources. During this webinar, attendees will gain a deeper understanding of what it takes to manage public perception during health crises and how to build more resilient systems in the future.”

This event will take place on June 12, 2-3 pm EST. Learn more and register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

[Training Programme] Disarmament and Non-Proliferation of WMD 2025

From the Asser Institute: “The global non-proliferation norms regarding the use and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are under pressure. The threat posed by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons has reached levels of urgency not seen since the Cold War. Consequently, there is a growing demand for professionals with the necessary legal, technical and policy expertise to tackle the challenges of today’s non-proliferation and disarmament agenda. Register now for the fifteenth training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, co-organised with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on 13-17 October 2025 in The Hague.”

“During this intensive training programme, you will receive a comprehensive overview of the international non-proliferation and disarmament framework. You will learn from renowned experts and practitioners in the field and engage in active discussions about key topics and current debates. The programme also provides you with the opportunity to build your professional network with experts in the field, as well as with your fellow participants.”

Learn more and register here.

This week’s Pandora Report covers more updates from HHS, including the MAHA Commission’s report that contained fake citations and RFK Jr.’s threat to ban government scientists from publishing in top medical journals, the US and Argentina’s effort to create an “alternative” to the WHO, and more.

Defining Sequences of Concern for Nucleic Acid Synthesis Screening

A distinguished group of biosecurity experts, including  Biodefense Program director Professor Gregory Koblentz, published an article in Applied Biosafety, “The Case for Limiting “Sequences of Concern” to Those with Demonstrated Pathogenic Function,” on how to best use sequences of concern to screen synthetic nucleic acid orders. Screening synthetic nucleic acid orders for sequences of concern is a necessary part of a healthy biosecurity regime, but it exacts costs for nucleic acid providers. Taxonomy is and will remain a critical part of the decision-making process for screening, especially for viral sequences. But, moving forward, the function of a sequence will also be determinative of its level of concern, or lack thereof. Stakeholders continue to debate which functions are “of concern.” However these are ultimately adjudicated, nonviral sequences with unknown or hypothetical functions which, by definition, can bear no resemblance to sequences with concerning functions, must be considered innocent of harmful effects. To qualify as a nonviral sequence of concern, the sequence to which it is the best match must be demonstrated in the published literature to have a function of concern.

HHS Updates

MAHA Report Included Fake Citations, Likely AI Use

The “landmark” report released by the MAHA Commission (led by RFK Jr.) that the administration portrays as a “clear, evidence-based foundation” for actions on children’s health issues includes multiple fake citations. NOTUS first reported that the report included inaccurate citations before The New York Times verified and identified additional fake citations. The use of citations that incorrectly credit an author with a publication or cite non-existent publications is a frequent issue with generative AI, prompting many to suspect it was used in the production of this report. The White House has since blamed this on “formatting errors” and uploaded a new report with corrected citations.

Further Reading:

• “White House MAHA Report May Have Garbled Science by Using AI, Experts Say,” Lauren Webber and Caitlin Gilbert, The Washington Post

Secretary Kennedy Threatens to Ban NIH Scientists from Publishing in Leading Journals, Calls Them “Corrupt”

RFK Jr. continued his assault on institutions that conflict with his worldview this week, this time threatening on a podcast to prevent government scientists from publishing their work in major medical journals. While appearing on the podcast, Ultimate Human, Kennedy described the New England Journal of Medicine, the Journal of the American Medical Association, and The Lancet as “corrupt,” while claiming that they publish studies that are funded and approved by pharmaceutical companies. Kennedy said, “Unless those journals change dramatically, we are going to stop NIH scientists from publishing in them and we’re going to create our own journals in-house.”

This statement conflicts with prior ones made by the NIH director, Jay Bhattacharya. Bhattacharya recently told WELT that he supports academic freedom, which “means I can send my paper out even if my bosses disagree with me.” Battacharya and the FDA commissioner, Marty Makary, recently launched their own journal, the Journal of the Academy of Public Health, which they claim will promote open discourse.

Further Reading:

• “The Authoritarian War on Science,” Jessica Knurick
• “History May Not be Repeating but It Is Certainly Rhyming,” Fintan Steele, Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News
• “Trump’s Call for ‘Gold Standard Science’ Has Prompted an Outcry: Here’s Why,” Jeff Tollefson and Dan Garisto, Nature
• “A Harvard Scientist Built a Database of 2,100 NIH Grant Terminations. Then His Own Funding Was Cut,” Anil Oza, STAT News
• “Gain of Fiction: How COVID Origins Motivated Defunding of U.S. Science,” Gigi Gronvall, Think Global Health
• “Federal Cuts Ripple Through a Bioscience Hub in Rural Montana,” Katheryn Houghton, KFF Health News

RFK Jr. Announces End of COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendation for “Healthy Children and Healthy Pregnant Women”

On Tuesday, Secretary Kennedy announced that HHS will no longer recommend the COVID-19 vaccine for healthy children and pregnant women. In a video posted to X, Kennedy said, “I couldn’t be more pleased to announce that as of today, the COVID vaccine for healthy children and healthy pregnant women has been removed from the CDC recommended immunization schedule. Last year, the Biden administration urged healthy children to get yet another COVID shot despite the lack of any clinical data to support the repeat booster strategy in children.”

However, the CDC has not removed the vaccine from the childhood vaccine schedule. Rather, according to an update CDC released on Thursday, the agency says healthy children ages six months to 17 years may get the vaccine provided that parents are “informed by the clinical judgement of a healthcare provider and personal preference and circumstances.” The new schedule does not include a recommendation for healthy pregnant women.

Further Reading:

• “CDC Blindsided as RFK Jr. Changes COVID-19 Vaccine Recommendations,” Lena H. Sun, The Washington Post
• “HHS Unilaterally Changes Vaccine Guidance, Providing No Justification, Imperiling American Infants,” E. Rosalie, InfoEpi Lab

CDC Functionally Silenced

HHS has taken over the CDC’s main social media accounts, according to emails reviewed by NPR, and they have gone over a month without posting new content. This comes as many of CDC’s newsletters have stopped being distributed all together, and CDC’s Health Alert Network has not dispatched any health alerts about disease outbreaks since March.

The reason? CDC is now not in control of its own social media and communications. Rather, most CDC communications now require approval from HHS before they can be posted, halting most newsletters and social media communications. Previously, HHS rarely reviewed the content of CDC’s social media posts or newsletters, which allowed CDC to communicate important information quickly and often.

CDC has more than 150 newsletters on a variety of topics that were previously sent weekly, monthly, and quarterly to tens of thousands of subscribers. Facts from these newsletters were often shared on CDC social media accounts, helping further spread important information. Furthermore, CDC’s MMWR was often cross-posted on multiple platforms. This is no longer the case because of this change, and it is having serious impacts on CDC and those who rely on the information it provides by putting political whims before communicating accurate, timely information to the public.

Further Reading:

• “CDC Communication Channels Go Silent, Raising Health Risk Concerns,” CS Staff, Campus Safety
• “Why is the CDC Located in Atlanta and Not D.C.? History Tied to Coca-Cola and Mosquitoes,” Rebecca Grapevine, NPR

Administration Chooses to Remain Silent on E. Coli Outbreak Linked to Single Lettuce Processor

An E. coli outbreak linked to a single lettuce processor that sickened multiple people, and killed a nine-year-old boy in Indiana, was not disclosed publicly by the administration. An internal FDA memo dated February 11 linked the outbreak to the lettuce processor and ranch dressing. However, in what experts have described as a break with common practice, officials never released any public communications about this outbreak following the investigation, including the name of the grower. While the investigation began under the Biden administration, the Trump administration chose to not release this information because, according to the FDA, no more contaminated product remains on the market.

Further Reading:

• “Silence on E. Coli Outbreak Highlights How Trump Team’s Changes Undermine Food Safety,” Stephanie Armour, KFF Health News
• “How Safe is the Food Supply After Federal Cutbacks? Experts Are Worried,” Yuki Noguchi, NPR
• “USDA Withdraws Proposal to Reduce Salmonella in Poultry,” Chris Dall, CIDRAP

HHS Cancels $766 Million Contract for Moderna Bird Flu Vaccine

Moderna was notified this week that HHS has withdrawn funds it awarded to the company in July 2024 and in January 2025 to pay for the development and purchase of its investigational vaccine designed to protect against potential pandemic influenza viruses, including H5N1. The funds were awarded to the company by the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority. The vaccine, mRNA-1018, relies, as the name implies, on mRNA technology, which has drawn the ire of Secretary Kennedy despite mRNA vaccines like those for COVID-19 having been proven safe and effective.

Further Reading:

• “HHS Cancels $766 Million in Moderns Contracts for Vaccines for Flu Pandemics,” Helen Branswell and Matthew Harper, STAT News

US and Argentina Launching “Alternative” to World Health Organization

The US and Argentina are reportedly in talks to form an “alternative international health system” that is separate from the WHO. In a joint statement released this week, HHS Secretary RFK Jr. and Argentine Minister of Health Mario Lugones commented on their countries’ decisions to withdraw from the WHO. Their statement read in part, ““The WHO’s handling of the COVID-19 pandemic revealed serious structural and operational shortcomings that undermined global trust and highlighted the urgent need for independent, science-based leadership in global health.”

It later continued, “There are well-documented concerns regarding the early management of the pandemic and the risks associated with certain types of research. Rather than ensuring timely transparency, the WHO failed to provide critical access to information, impairing countries’ ability to act swiftly and effectively, with devastating global consequences.”

“Young People Will be Key to Preventing the Next Pandemic”

Kirsten Angeles, Jose Garza-Martinez, Yorgo El Moubayed, Shrestha Rath, and Jon Arizti Sanz recently published this piece in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, writing in part, “The COVID-19 pandemic laid bare the implications of this inequality: By late 2021, high-income countries, for example, were averaging more than one vaccine dose per person while low-income countries were administering fewer than four doses per hundred people. And while wealthy countries could develop and distribute vaccines, the African continent, by and large, could not. The recently adopted Pandemic Agreement, emphasizing thing like the need for stronger health systems, better resource sharing, and rapid local manufacturing of vaccines is a step in the right direction, but there is more that still needs to happen to address the world’s uneven ability to prepare for or respond to pandemics. Global health forums like the World Health Assembly, where the pandemic agreement was recently approved, need to fully incorporate the voices and expertise of young people in the Global South, where 90 percent of the world’s 15- to 24-year-olds live.”

“Are We Ready for a ‘DeepSeek for Bioweapons’?”

Steven Adler wrote this piece for LawFare, writing in part, “But, as of last week, we have a leading indicator of widespread models with dangerous capabilities. Specifically, Anthropic’s recent model release—Claude Opus 4—sounded a warning bell: It is the first AI model to demonstrate a certain level of capability related to bioweapons. In particular, Anthropic can’t rule out if the model can “significantly help” relatively ordinary people “create/obtain and deploy” bioweapons: “uplifting” their abilities beyond what they can achieve with other technologies (like a search engine and the internet). These dangerous capability evaluations have been conceived of as an “early warning system” for catastrophic AI capabilities, and the system has now been triggered.”

“The AI Threat to Public Health No One is Thinking About: A Fake Bioterrorist Attack”

Jay K. Varma recently published this opinion piece with STAT News, in which he writes “While I am deeply concerned about the long-term existential threat of AI and synthetic biology to create new or modified pathogens, my extensive experience detecting and controlling outbreaks around the world makes me fear a more immediate threat: a rogue actor using existing AI tools to simulate a bioterrorism attack that would destabilize a region or the world.”

“Cloud Labs and Other New Actors in the Biotechnology Ecosystem: Export Control Challenges and Good Practices in Outreach”

This SIPRI publication was written by Kolja Brockmann, Lauriane Héau and Giovanna Maletta: “The biotechnology ecosystem encompasses an expanding set of companies, start-ups, universities and other research organizations and a vibrant do-it-yourself biology community. Advances in biotechnology and the increasingly diverse profiles of new entrants to the ecosystem pose a range of chemical and biological weapon (CBW) proliferation risks and export control challenges. Among them, cloud laboratories (cloud labs) are an example of a new actor entering the biotechnology ecosystem that is pioneering a new business model. Cloud labs exemplify how developments in emerging technologies converge in a way that poses challenges for the application of export controls. Cloud lab providers offer fully automated, modular laboratories to customers for remote use to perform experiments and increasingly artificial intelligence-enabled research and analyses. Managing the CBW risks posed by cloud labs and other new actors in the biotechnology ecosystem requires awareness by relevant stakeholders and effective export control compliance measures. European Union member states and Australia Group participating states should therefore continue to assess and discuss the development of cloud labs, work to provide relevant guidance materials and develop good practices for conducting outreach activities targeting cloud lab providers and other relevant actors to reduce CBW proliferation risks.”

“The State of the World’s Animal Health”

From WOAH: “An inaugural global overview of animal health in a changing world. Published by The World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), the State of the World’s Animal Health provides a clear, evidence-based overview of the global animal health landscape. Drawing on WOAH’s robust data systems and the collective expertise of its Members and scientific network, the report delivers timely, objective analysis to inform action and guide progress toward a healthier, more resilient future for animals and people alike.”

What We’re Watching 🍿

“CB Defense Today: Fieldable Sequencing”
“CB Defense Today is an interview program where experts discuss innovations, technologies, and partnerships pertinent to the U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center (DEVCOM CBC) and the chemical and biological defense community.”

“In this episode, public affairs specialist Jack Bunja interviews Dr. Cory Bernhards, a research biologist at DEVCOM CBC, about how the Center’s work in DNA and RNA sequencing contributes to the lethality and readiness of warfighters.”

“Dr. Bernhards explains how DEVCOM CBC researchers are developing the capability for DNA and RNA sequencing in forward operating environments for Soldiers. They are also ensuring that all Soldiers can utilize this equipment, regardless of their background or training. Such capabilities enable our warfighters to easily maintain their readiness.”

Watch here.

The Second Annual State of the Science Address

From NASEM: “We invite you to join National Academy of Sciences President Marcia McNutt for the second annual State of the Science address, to be delivered on June 3 [3-5 pm EDT] in Washington, D.C.  The event will explore the current status of the U.S. research enterprise and strategies for navigating a rapidly changing scientific landscape.”

“Register to Attend In Person or Virtually.”

What Does H5N1 Have to Do with the Prices of Eggs?

From NASEM: “The high cost of eggs has been one of the most visible societal impacts of H5N1 bird flu. First detected on U.S. poultry farms in February 2022 and in U.S. dairy cattle in 2024, the deadly bird flu strain has now spread to all fifty states. What are the risks to humans and susceptible animals, like cats?  How are farmers coping with the disease, and what role do state and local officials play? How do costs along the supply chain translate to costs at the grocery store?”

“Join us for our second “Healthy Exchange” webinar in our Special Edition Bird Flu Series on June 3, 2025, from 1:00-2:30 PM ET for an informal discussion and Q&A with three animal health experts who will share their perspectives on managing the spread and impacts of bird flu.”

Register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

NEW: [Training Programme] Disarmament and Non-Proliferation of WMD 2025

From the Asser Institute: “The global non-proliferation norms regarding the use and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are under pressure. The threat posed by nuclear, chemical and biological weapons has reached levels of urgency not seen since the Cold War. Consequently, there is a growing demand for professionals with the necessary legal, technical and policy expertise to tackle the challenges of today’s non-proliferation and disarmament agenda. Register now for the fifteenth training programme on disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, co-organised with the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) on 13-17 October 2025 in The Hague.”

“During this intensive training programme, you will receive a comprehensive overview of the international non-proliferation and disarmament framework. You will learn from renowned experts and practitioners in the field and engage in active discussions about key topics and current debates. The programme also provides you with the opportunity to build your professional network with experts in the field, as well as with your fellow participants.”

Learn more and register here.

New WHO Course on Dual-Use Research and Responsible Use of the Life Sciences

The WHO Academy has made available a new training course designed to deepen your knowledge and enhance your approach to dual-use research and responsible use of the life sciences. This course examines these dual-use research issues and discusses ways to identify and mitigate potential biorisks as part of a multi-sectoral and cooperative approach across the One Health spectrum that promotes the safe, secure and responsible use of the life sciences to prevent accidents, unanticipated and deliberate misuse of biological materials, knowledge and emerging technologies. The course is multifaceted, accessible, adaptable, engaging, and interactive for a wide range of One Health audiences. Biodefense Program director Dr. Gregory Koblentz contributed to the development of the course. It’s a free, self-paced 3-hour course with a certificate of participation upon completion. You can enroll in the course here.

This week’s Pandora Report includes news from the Biodefense Graduate Program, updates on US sanctions against Sudan and EU sanctions against Russia, yet more chaos at HHS, the passage of the landmark Pandemic Agreement, and more.

Schar School Names 2025 Student of the Year Award Winners

“Each year the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University presents awards to the top students in each undergraduate and graduate program. This year, the award winners accepted medals and certificates from their program directors in a family-and-friends ceremony at George Mason’s Krasnow Institute on the Fairfax Campus on Wednesday, May 14, just a few hours before the Schar School Degree Celebration at EagleBank Arena.”

Margeaux Malone (pictured above with Biodefense Graduate Program Director Gregory Koblentz) was this year’s Outstanding Biodefense MS Student. Read more about this year’s winners here.

Biodefense Student Interning at Arms Control Association

Lena Kroepke, a graduate student in the MS Biodefense program at George Mason University’s Schar School of Policy and Government, has been selected for a summer internship with the Arms Control Association (ACA). The nonpartisan organization is internationally recognized for its critical work in promoting arms control and non-proliferation measures. During her 10-week internship, Lena will contribute to ACA’s research and policy analysis which includes publications in the monthly Arms Control Today journal. The role will allow her to engage with leading experts in the field and to support valuable initiatives that enhance international security by lowering the global threat stemming from weapons of mass destruction.

Attacks on Healthcare Grew in Number in 2024

According to a new report from Safeguarding Health in Conflict, “Epidemic of Violence: Violence Against Health Care in Conflict,” there were more than 3,600 attacks on health workers, hospitals, and clinics in conflict zones around the world last year. This number is 15% higher than those of 2023, and includes things like air, missile, and drone strikes on healthcare facilities, in addition to lootings and takeovers of facilities as well as arrest and detention of health workers.

More than a third of the incidents recorded in this report occurred in Gaza and the West Bank. Hundreds more occurred in places like Ukraine, Sudan, Myanmar, and Lebanon. Len Rubenstein, Chair of the Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition, describes assaults on health care in conflicts globally as having “reached new levels of horror.”

Further Reading:

• “Attacks on Healthcare in War Zones in 2024 reach ‘New Levels of Horror’-Report,” Kat Lay, The Guardian

Kiribati Accedes to BWC

This week, the Republic of Kiribati deposited its instrument of accession to the Biological Weapons Convention with the United States. The island nation previously participated in the Fourth Session of the Working Group on the Strengthening of the Biological Weapons Convention as an Observer State last year. Kiribati is now the 189th state to have ratified or acceded to the BWC.

US Set to Sanction Sudan Over CW Use

The US Department of State announced this week that the US will sanction Sudan’s military-led government after determining that it did use chemical weapons last year. While the announcement is brief and lacks details, it does explain that the State Department has notified Congress that Sudan violated the CWC, and that sanctions will be imposed after a fifteen day Congressional notification period. It states that the US determined on April 24, 2025, that, under the Chemical and Biological Weapons Control and Warfare Elimination Act of 1991, the Government of Sudan used CW in 2024. The Biden administration previously sanctioned Sudan’s army head, GEN Abdel Fattah al-Burhan, who US officials at the time said privately had authorized the use of CW.

EU Announces Sanctions Against Russian Armed Forces for CW Use in Ukraine

The Delegation of the European Union to Ukraine announced this week that the Council has decided to impose additional sanctions on three Russian entities involved in the development and use of CW. These include the Radiological Chemical and Biological Defence Troops, the 27th Scientific Centre, and the 33rd Central Scientific Research and Testing Institute of the Russian Federation’s Ministry of Defence, all of whom are members of the Russian Armed Forces. According to a press release from the Delegation, “This decision was taken in light of the reports issued by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in November 2024 and February 2025, confirming the presence of riot control agents such as chemical CS (2-Chlorobenzalmalononitrile) and related compounds in the samples collected at the frontlines in Ukraine. Such agents have been used as a method of warfare by Russian forces in Ukraine, in breach of the Chemical Weapons Convention, to which Russia is a State Party.”

Further Reading:

• “EU Countries Adopt Four Sets of New Russia Sanctions,” Julia Payne, Reuters

WHO Members Adopt Pandemic Agreement

WHO Member States formally adopted the Pandemic Agreement this week, following three years of intense negotiations aimed at addressing gaps and inequities identified in national and global COVID-19 responses. The Agreement establishes the principles, approaches, and tools for better international coordination across many areas, with the goal of strengthening the global health architecture for pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response. This includes things like equitable and timely access to vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics.

In reference to national sovereignty, the Agreements says, “Nothing in the WHO Pandemic Agreement shall be interpreted as providing the Secretariat of the World Health Organization, including the Director-General of the World Health Organization, any authority to direct, order, alter or otherwise prescribe the national and/or domestic law, as appropriate, or policies of any Party, or to mandate or otherwise impose any requirements that Parties take specific actions, such as ban or accept travellers, impose vaccination mandates or therapeutic or diagnostic measures or implement lockdowns.”

Further Reading:

• “Pandemic Preparedness: WHO Adopts Landmark Agreement,” Matthew Ward Agius, Deutsche Welle
• “With U.S. Absent, WHO Adopts Pandemic Treaty Aimed at Improving Vaccine Access,” Andrew Joseph, STAT News
• “For the First Time, the U.S. is Absent from WHO’s Annual Assembly. What’s the Impact?” Jonathan Lambert, NPR
• “How to Fight the Next Pandemic, Without America,” The Economist

China Set to Donate $500 Million to WHO

In a move that should not surprise anyone, the PRC has pledged $500 million in donations to the WHO, setting the country up to replace the United States as the organization’s top state donor and expanding Beijing’s influence in global health. Liu Guozhong, Vice Premier of the PRC, told the WHA this week that his country his making this contribution to oppose unilateralism, something the PRC often accuses the US of creating and leveraging in international spaces. Liu said in his remarks, “The world is now facing the impacts of unilateralism and power politics, bringing major challenges to global health security…China strongly believes that only with solidarity and mutual assistance can we create a healthy world together.”

What Rhymes With “Mess?” HHS

Kennedy Calls for Global Health Cooperation Outside of the WHO

HHS Secretary RFK Jr. called on Tuesday for other countries to work with the United States on global issues outside of the WHO. This came as he rejected the Pandemic Agreement that WHO members adopted at the WHA. In pre-recorded remarks that were played at the WHA on Tuesday, Kennedy said, “We want to free international health cooperation from the straitjacket of political interference by corrupting influences of the pharmaceutical companies, of adversarial nations and their [non-governmental organization] proxies.” He added “Global cooperation on health is still critically important to President Trump and myself, but it isn’t working very well under the WHO, as the failures of the Covid era demonstrate.” He also called the organization “moribund,” and described it as “mired in bureaucratic bloat”.

Kennedy later accused WHO of succumbing to pressure from the PRC to suppress reports that COVID-19 was transmitted between humans in the early days of the pandemic. He also claimed that the WHO “worked with China to promote the fiction that Covid originated from bats or pangolins, rather than from Chinese government-sponsored research at a biolab in Wuhan,” echoing sentiments from President Trump, who has gone all in on backing the lab leak theory.

Federal Judge Extends Block on HHS Public Health Funds Termination

A ruling from Judge Mary McElroy of the US District court for the District of Rhode Island temporarily extends the restraining order she issued in April to stop the administration from terminating pandemic-era funding to 23 Democratic-led states and the District of Columbia. The ruling was released last Friday, once again blocking the administration from clawing back more than $11 billion in public health funding used by state and local health departments. According to state and local health officials, the funding was already in their accounts, and they were allowed to use these funds for non-COVID-19 related priorities, including the measles outbreak. Attorneys suing the administration in this case say HHS acted unlawfully by suddenly ending the grants without analyzing the benefits of the funding and the consequences of its termination.

Bhattacharya Backs Lab Leak Theory at First Town Hall

Jay Bhattacharya, the NIH Director, made remarks this week regarding the lab leak theory of SARS-CoV-2’s origin this week, prompting some NIH staff to walk out of his first town hall at the organization. He said, “It’s possible that the pandemic was caused by research conducted by human beings, and it is also possible that the NIH partly sponsored that research.” This prompted dozens to walk out of the town hall, which was met with applause from others in attendance.

As the applause continued, Bhattacharya continued, saying “It’s nice to have free speech. If it’s true that we sponsored research that caused the pandemic, and if you look at polls of the American people, that’s what most people believe, and I’ve looked at the scientific evidence and I believe it, what we have to do is make sure that we don’t engage in research that is any risk…to human populations,” before touting Trump’s executive order on GoF research.

During his remarks, Bhattacharya also indicated his organization may soon recall some terminated employees, saying he hopes to bring people back from RIFs as needed. Notably, NIH has already recalled some employees, but it has required that another person be RIFed for each one brought back, so the same number of people remain impacted. He also mocked the “five things” emails required by DOGE, calling them silly and unnecessary.

Further Reading:

• “Trump’s Last Minute Gain-of-Function Policy Could Sow Researcher Confusion,” Matt Field, The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
• “Trump’s NIH Chief Lets Loose on Fauci, Vaccines and Covid Cover-Ups,” Tim Röhn, Politico

NIH Grant Rejections Have More Than Doubled Under Trump 2.0

According to reporting from Nature, the NIH has drastically increased the number of grant applications it has rejected since the new administration began. So far this year, at least 2,500 applications for research funding have been withdrawn, a number NIH uses to denote refusal for administrative reasons. This means that more than double the number of applications were withdrawn this year than in the same period in each of the last two years, according to an anonymous NIH official who spoke to Nature. The bulk of the withdrawals appear to have been made because NIH closed about 100 funding categories in February and March, many of which supported researchers from diverse backgrounds or early career investigators.

Further Reading:

• “Trump Has Cut Science Funding to Its Lowest Levels in Decades,” Aatish Bhatia, Irineo Cabreros, Asmaa Elkeurti, and Ehtan Singer, The New York Times
• “The Mystery of Trump’s Science Cuts,” Derek Robertson,” Politico

“Safeguarding Against Biological Weapons”

Schar School associate professor Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley recently published this article in Science, in which she explains of the Biological Weapons Convention, “The lack of a formal verification mechanism has been the greatest weakness of the treaty, allowing signatories such as the Soviet Union and Iraq to violate the agreement for years. A proposal to improve its implementation through on-site inspections was negotiated by state members in the mid-1990s, but it was abruptly shut down in 2001 by the United States, which argued that compliance with the treaty was not verifiable because of the “dual-use” nature of biotechnologies and materials—those with both civilian and military use. The United States failed to recognize at the time that onsite inspections could be powerful instruments of implementation for the Convention because they target two major vulnerabilities of covert bioweapons programs—fragility of bioagents and fear of detection.”

“Trump’s Last Minute Gain-of-Function Policy Could Sow Researcher Confusion”

Matt Field recently published this article in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. It includes an interview with Biodefense Program Director Gregory Koblentz about Trump’s May 5 executive order requiring an existing policy to either be revised or replaced and what this means for pathogen research.

“A Pandemic Treaty Without Teeth Will Leave Africa and the World Exposed”

Ebere Okereke authored this article for Think Global Health discussing the Pandemic Agreement, writing in part “At first glance, the treaty seems to address the deep structural failures that the COVID-19 pandemic exposed. A closer look, though, reveals a familiar trap: lofty declarations without legal obligations or financial guarantees. Worse, the current geopolitical climate threatens to sap the treaty’s legitimacy and effectiveness before it even comes into force.”

“Fate Unknown: The Pandemic Agreement’s Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing”

Mark Eccleston-Turner, Michelle Rourke, and Stephanie Switzer published this Think Global Health article about pathogen access and benefit sharing (PABS), explaining “Advocates of PABS believe that it will secure pathogen samples for research and development (R&D) and deliver equity by providing a legal mechanism for low- or middle-income countries (LMICs) to access vaccines, therapeutics, and diagnostics (VTDs) in a competitive pharmaceutical marketplace that often excludes these nations…In our view, PABS ties together “two separate public health resource allocation problems: (1) pathogen and data sharing and (2) pharmaceutical supply and distribution.” Both are vital activities that would be more effectively addressed separately. Nevertheless, WHO member states have chosen to connect these issues through the PABS system, setting themselves the ambitious and possibly unrealistic target of negotiating the PABS annex within one year…”

“Why We Should Seriously Consider Vaccinating Wild Birds to Control Bird Flu”

Lynn C. Klotz recently published this article in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, writing in part “But by now bird flu is out of the barn, so to speak. It’s infected nearly 500 species of wild birds and mammals ranging from foxes to zoo tigers. It’s time to consider another means of stopping its spread: vaccinating wild birds and, perhaps, other wildlife. By doing so, we will rescue large numbers of animals from a painful death, slow the transmission of infections, and reduce the probability of a pandemic in humans. These outcomes provide reason enough to vaccinate wildlife.“

“Keeping Ahead of Contagion”

Deena Mousa makes the case for making use of airborne pathogen detection in response to H5N1 in this piece for Asimov Press, writing in part “As the bird flu spreads in the United States, the CDC should act with the same urgency it showed after the 2001 anthrax attacks, when it deployed the Laboratory Response Network and launched the BioWatch program. If we can clear these remaining hurdles, real-time pathogen monitoring could become commonplace in just a few years, transforming outbreak response from reactive damage control into proactive prevention.”

“Take a Deep Breath. If You Dare.”

Robert Sullivan discusses Carl Zimmer’s new book, Air-Borne, in this New York Times book review: “‘Air-Borne” shows us how the scientific community came to understand that Covid-19 transmission was less akin to shots from a gun, and more like smog in a valley. To explain, Zimmer takes us through the history of aerobiology, and in his detailed and gripping account, he ascribes the reluctance of both the Centers for Disease Control and the World Health Organization to a bias born of an ancient battle between two factions known as “miasmatists” and “contagionists.”’

“Did Horses Act as Intermediate Hosts That Facilitated the Emergence of 1918 Pandemic Influenza?”

Martin Furmanski and Pablo R Murcia published this article in The Journal of Infectious Diseases: “The ecological factors that led to the 1918 influenza pandemic remain unknown. We hypothesize that horses acted as intermediate hosts spreading a prepandemic avian-origin virus before 1918. This is supported by reports describing a large epizootic of unusually severe equine influenza beginning in 1915. Furthermore, the high horse demand during World War I resulted in one of the biggest equine mobilizations in North America between 1914 and 1918. This extensive movement of horses provided abundant opportunities for virus reassortment between prepandemic avian and human influenza viruses. Archived equine tissues or serum samples will be needed to test this hypothesis.”

“Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) Respiratory Protection Handbook”

From CDC: “This handbook updates the original CBRN Respiratory Protection Handbook Publication No. 2018-166. It reflects new and emerging chemical and radiological hazards information identified during a recent hazard assessment conducted by NIOSH, Department of Homeland Security, and Department of Defense.  As a result of this hazard assessment, NIOSH expanded its CBRN APR Protection List to capture additional hazards that NIOSH Approved® APRs with CBRN canisters would provide protection against. The changes to NIOSH’s CBRN APR Protection List are captured in Chapter 2, Table 2-1. Additionally, changes in Chapter 3 reflect updates to National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards involving respirators with CBRN protections.”

What We’re Watching 🍿

‘”I Just Wish We Could Tell a Story of What Works”: An Epidemiologist Reviews Outbreak Movies”

“Jennifer Nuzzo, director of the Pandemic Center and Professor of Epidemiology at Brown University, reviews depictions of epidemics in Twilight (2008), The Last of Us (2023), Outbreak (1995), and Contagion (2011), and discusses how they relate to real public health systems today.”

Watch here.

ICYMI: Defense Meets Biotech – Cutting-Edge Frontlines: BI Webinar Replay
From Bloomberg: “The Department of Defense has placed special emphasis on Biotechnology as they fund critical emerging technologies that support manufacturing at the cutting edge. Dr. Kate Sixt discusses just how important this office really is to National Security and the efforts being made in this critical technology area.”

Watch this recording here.

The Second Annual State of the Science Address

From NASEM: “We invite you to join National Academy of Sciences President Marcia McNutt for the second annual State of the Science address, to be delivered on June 3 [3-5 pm EDT] in Washington, D.C.  The event will explore the current status of the U.S. research enterprise and strategies for navigating a rapidly changing scientific landscape.”

“Register to Attend In Person or Virtually.”

What Does H5N1 Have to Do with the Prices of Eggs?

From NASEM: “The high cost of eggs has been one of the most visible societal impacts of H5N1 bird flu. First detected on U.S. poultry farms in February 2022 and in U.S. dairy cattle in 2024, the deadly bird flu strain has now spread to all fifty states. What are the risks to humans and susceptible animals, like cats?  How are farmers coping with the disease, and what role do state and local officials play? How do costs along the supply chain translate to costs at the grocery store?”

“Join us for our second “Healthy Exchange” webinar in our Special Edition Bird Flu Series on June 3, 2025, from 1:00-2:30 PM ET for an informal discussion and Q&A with three animal health experts who will share their perspectives on managing the spread and impacts of bird flu.”

Register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

New WHO Course on Dual-Use Research and Responsible Use of the Life Sciences

The WHO Academy has made available a new training course designed to deepen your knowledge and enhance your approach to dual-use research and responsible use of the life sciences. This course examines these dual-use research issues and discusses ways to identify and mitigate potential biorisks as part of a multi-sectoral and cooperative approach across the One Health spectrum that promotes the safe, secure and responsible use of the life sciences to prevent accidents, unanticipated and deliberate misuse of biological materials, knowledge and emerging technologies. The course is multifaceted, accessible, adaptable, engaging, and interactive for a wide range of One Health audiences. Biodefense Program director Dr. Gregory Koblentz contributed to the development of the course. It’s a free, self-paced 3-hour course with a certificate of participation upon completion. You can enroll in the course here.

This week’s Pandora Report includes news from the Biodefense Graduate Program, updates on how foreign aid cuts are continuing to impact organizations like the WHO, discussion of the United States’ measles outbreak, and more.

Biodefense MS Information Session

“Prospective students are invited to attend a information session to hear more about the Biodefense M.S. program offered at the Schar School. The online session will provide an overview of the program, as well as the application process, student experience and graduate outcomes. This session admissions will be led by the Graduate Admissions team.”

This session will take place on Tuesday, May 20 at 12 pm EDT. Register here.

Biodefense Graduate Program Celebrates Spring 2025 Graduation

The Biodefense Graduate Program at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason congratulates the following students for graduating on May 14 with a Master of Science in Biodefense: Samanta Aiken, Tracy Baughman, Diandra Cruz, Alex Delaney, Liesl Jensen, Margeaux Malone, Rachel Nas, Zaccary Saine, Myriam Sakly, Gioia Salamido, Christine Woods, and Yoftahie Zewdie. The program also congratulates Renee Katz, Brent Lee, and Matthew Stoffer for receiving a Certificate in Biodefense, Melissa Cox and Renee Katz for receiving a Certificate in Global Health and Security, and Sarah Certel and Dawie Tola for receiving a Certificate in Science, Technology, and Security. In addition, Margeaux Malone was named the Outstanding Biodefense MS student of the year for her stellar academic record and commitment to bridging the gap between science and policy to strengthen our defenses against zoonotic biological threats.

Biodefense Professor Receives Inaugural Schar School Adjunct Teaching Award

Dr. Katalin “Kati” Kiss received the Schar School’s inaugural award for adjunct teaching at this year’s graduation and award ceremony. Dr. Kiss is the longest-serving adjunct professor in the Biodefense Graduate Program, having taught BIOD 604: Emerging Infectious Diseases: Bacteria and Toxins since Fall 2015. This is a core course in the program that covers the biology and epidemiology of key biological threats from anthrax to Zika. Dr. Kiss has designed her course to be comprehensive and rigorous and yet provide students without a strong scientific background with the foundational knowledge they need to assess the risks posed by different bacterial and toxin threats. Students widely praise Dr. Kiss in their feedback such as “The professor made this class easy to understand especially for those without a science background” and “Dr. Kiss is amazing at explaining course concepts in a way that is easy to understand and entertaining at the same time.” Dr. Kiss also regularly serves on the qualifying exam committee for Biodefense doctoral students and has served as a mentor to numerous Biodefense students. Dr. Kiss has taught this course while conducting and managing research related to biodefense for the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC). As a result, Dr. Kiss has direct experience with several of the biological threats she teaches about which provides students with a unique perspective on the science of biodefense. 

Schar School Hosting Major Terrorism Conference

George Mason University, in partnership with the Government Technology and Services Coalition’s Homeland Security Today, will host the inaugural “Counterterrorism 2025: Terrorism Trends, Tactics, and Targets” summit on Tuesday, June 3 in Arlington, Virginia. Convened by the Global Terrorism Trends and Analysis Center (GTTAC) at the Schar School of Policy and Government’s Terrorism, Transnational Crime and Corruption Center (TraCCC), this full-day event will examine the evolving landscape of global terrorism and the innovative strategies being developed to address this threat. Experts from across sectors will engage in discussions on emerging threats, including international and state-sponsored terrorism, lone actors, and newly designated groups such as Mexican cartels and transnational gangs. Key sessions will cover the use of cyber tools, drones, IEDs, and the potential threat of weapons of mass destruction. The summit will also highlight the role of data analytics, information sharing, and counter-narrative strategies in modern counterterrorism efforts, with a special focus on the work of GTTAC in supporting the U.S. Department of State’s global terrorism analysis. Biodefense Program director Dr. Gregory Koblentz will be moderating the panel on emerging technology and terrorism. For more information and to register, please visit this site.

Funding Cuts and Other Issues Continue to Pose Challenges to Foreign Aid and Relevant Organizations

WHO Scales Back, Announces Leadership Changes

The WHO recently announced it has reduced its management team by half as it prepares to scale back operations, four months after the US announced it will withdraw from the organization and slash its funding. WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus told attendees at a budget committee hearing, “To be blunt, we cannot do everything,” as his organization faces a 21% budget cut for 2026-27.

A new WHO leadership team has also been announced that is much smaller than previous leadership teams have been. This change has also removed some long-standing leaders, including Mike Ryan, Deputy Director General and Emergencies Programme Director, and Bruce Aylward, Senior Advisor to the Director-General. These and other changes to key leadership are set to go into effect on June 16.

Foreign Aid Cuts Threaten Women’s Organizations Globally

UN Women recently published its latest report, “At a Breaking Point: The Impact of Foreign Aid Cuts on Women’s Organizations in Humanitarian Crises Worldwide.” The report uses the results of a rapid global survey that was conducted among 411 women-led and women’s rights organizations across 44 crisis contexts, ultimately finding that 90% of surveyed organizations have been impacted by funding cuts.

These cuts are pushing these organizations to their limits. 47% of those surveyed are expected to shutter within six months if their current funding situation persists. 51% have already been forced to suspend programs, including those that help support survivors of gender-based violence. Furthermore, 72% have had to lay off staff, many significantly so.

As UN Women highlights, 308 million people are in need of humanitarian assistance across more than 70 countries. This figure continues to rise amid escalating conflicts, climate change, food insecurity, and disease outbreaks. Women and girls are disproportionately affected by crisis, suffering from high rates of sexual violence, malnutrition, and preventable pregnancy-related deaths, among other things. These foreign aid cuts come at a time of greater needs, placing an especially severe burden on women and girls globally.

US Cuts $50 Million in Medical Aid to Zambia

US Ambassador to the Republic of Zambia, Michael Gonzales, tearfully announced this week that the US will cut $50 million in aid to Zambia for medications and medical supplies. However, this cut is not the result of the Trump administration’s broad cuts to foreign aid. Rather, this is the result of a lack of action on the behalf of the Zambian government after it was discovered in 2021 that donated medical supplies were being stolen. In fact, between 2021 and 2023, the US embassy sent “buyers” to more than 2,000 pharmacies across the country, focusing on those that sold the same kinds of drugs being donated by the US. They determined that 95% of these pharmacies were selling stolen drugs, with 45% selling drugs that were given to Zambia by the US for free for Zambians in need.

Ambassador Gonzales expressed frustration, explaining that the embassy met with representatives of the Zambian government 33 times in relation to this issue. He said that there was minimal action, with only a couple mid-level officials being arrested. He did also explain that the $50 million cut will not take effect until the end of the year, hopefully giving the Zambian government time to find alternative procurement avenues.

The ambassador said in a statement, “I’ve lost sleep over this. I’ve cried over this because I know that it’s not going to be senior officials or the senior people who are getting rich from this, who are going to hurt. I know it’s going to be the poor family in rural Zambia whose baby gets malaria and they won’t have access to antimalarials. It breaks my heart…But, I also have a duty to the American people, to the American taxpayer, to safeguard and ensure the good use of these resources.”

The US provides about $600 million in aid to Zambia annually, $450 million of which goes to health-related efforts. This has been extremely effective, with 98% of HIV-positive people in the country now aware of their status, and 99% of those on medication for the virus. Approximately 11% of the country is HIV-positive. More than half of the country lives below the international poverty line.

Further Reading:

• “How Hard Are USAID Cuts Hitting Africa’s Health Care?” Silja Fröhlich, Deutsche Welle
• “Gates Can’t Do It Alone,” Carmen Paun, Politico
• “How US Funding Cuts Could Derail Years of Progress in Burundi’s HIV Response,” UNAIDS
• “Brown Professor Sounds an Alarm: An Interview with Dr. Craig Spencer,” Matthew Kotcher, Brown Political Review

US Surpasses 1,000 Measles Cases

The number of measles cases in the US has risen to 1,024 as of today, with cases being reported across 30 states, including Alaska, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Hawaii, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia and Washington.

This is the first time in five years that the US has surpassed 1,000 cases, with the country now nearing the total number seen in 2019 when 1,274 cases were confirmed across the country over the course of the year. The CDC reports that 13% of measles patients in the US this year have been hospitalized, many of whom are under the age of 19. The CDC also reports that about 96% of cases are in unvaccinated people, while 1% are in those who have only received one dose of the MMR vaccine, and 2% are in those who received both doses. One dose is considered 93% effective, and two are considered 97% effective against measles.

Further Reading:

• “Unpacking RFK Jr.’s ‘Doublespeak’ on Vaccines,” Lauren Weber, The Washington Post
• “RFK Jr. Says People Shouldn’t Take His Medical Advice When Asked About Vaccines at Hearing,” Sara Moniuszko, CBS News
• “Trump Health Cuts Create ‘Real Danger’ Around Disease Outbreaks, Workers Warn,” Michael Sainato, The Guardian

Administration Cut $2.7 Billion in NIH Research Funding in First Three Months of 2025

A new committee report by the Senate HELP Committee’s minority staff criticizes the Trump administration for what the report calls its “war on science,” including termination of research funding, firing of thousands of federal employees, and removal of scientific data and guidelines from government websites. The report also claims that the administration cut $2.7 billion in research funding at the NIH through March, a figure much larger than previous estimates that put the number at about $1.8 billion.

The report also criticizes the administration for suppressing what scientists can say, controlling how scientists work together and make decisions, and erasing scientific data. Other key criticisms include failing to provide committee minority staff with any details in writing about mass firings within agencies and the functions fired employees served (despite multiple requests), as well as the administration’s undermining of the importance of vaccines in regards to the measles outbreak.

Further Reading:

• “Trump’s ‘Fear Factor’: Scientists Go Silent as Funding Cuts Escalate,” Warren Cornwall, Science
• “RFK Jr., DOGE Gutted Legally Required Offices. Courts May Undo It All.” Alice Miranda Ollstein and Sophie Gardner, Politico
• “The Hidden Ways Trump, DOGE are Shutting Down Parts of the U.S. Government,” Hannah Natanson and Maxine Joselow, The Washington Post
• “Importance of Reinstating CDC’s Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC),” The Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America

“Rapid National Response to Smallpox Attack in the United States”

The article “Rapid National Response to Smallpox Attack in the United States” by Biodefense MS alumnus Zachary Berliner (‘24) was recently published in Volume 21 of the Michigan Journal of Public Affairs (p. 53-61). In this analysis, based on a paper he wrote for Scott Wollek’s BIOD 710: Health Security Preparedness course, Zachary begins by briefly discussing the history of smallpox eradication and the investigations into the use of the variola virus as a bioweapon. The article then depicts the potential risks of future attacks and outbreaks, outlining the American population’s immunological vulnerability; the dual-use research of concern studies of Jackson et al. (2001), Rosengard et al. (2002), and Noyce et al. (2018); and the American government’s failures to adequately respond to the recent COVID-19 and mpox pandemics. He continues by describing the current structure of the government’s smallpox response and by highlighting its shortcomings. The post concludes with three major policy reforms. First, “the US government should sign a new, substantial contract with Bavarian Nordic, the [Jynneos] vaccine’s manufacturer” to make Jynneos the primary smallpox vaccine stored in the Strategic National Stockpile. Second, “the CDC should create a Rapid National Reporting Window that local health departments can use to report cases of smallpox and other diseases of bioterrorism risk directly to the CDC.” This Window will reduce bureaucratic gridlock in the pursuit of a federal outbreak response. Finally, Zachary proposes a Rapid National Response that “[resolves] the cooperation and efficiency issues” between SLTT health departments, CDC, ASPR, FEMA, HHS, DHS, and doctors by reducing redundancies. “With the implementation of these proposed policies, the United States government will be better equipped to respond efficiently to a smallpox attack and reduce civilian suffering.”  

Along with his Biodefense MS, Zachary Berliner also holds an ScM in Molecular Microbiology and Immunology from the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. He is presently looking for policy and analysis opportunities focused on biodefense and health security, and he also has interests in counterterrorism and weapons of mass destruction. 

“Identifying and Closing Gaps in the Federal Select Agent Program”

“In this report, RAND researchers provide an overview of expert-elicited gaps in the Federal Select Agent Program (FSAP) and suggested mitigation measures for those gaps. FSAP is one way in which the federal government attempts to keep researchers and the public safe from harmful pathogens. FSAP regulates the possession, use, and transfer of dangerous biological materials. Responsibilities include setting security standards for facilities and individuals working with those materials, assessing risk and reporting the standards and limitations on the type of work that can be conducted, performing inspections and investigating incidents of noncompliance, and mandating the requirements for the destruction of materials after work with them has concluded.”

Biodefense PhD program alumna Saskia Popescu co-authored this report.

“A Bio-Responsibility Strategy for Gain-of-Function Research Oversight”

Texas A&M’s Ben C. Snyder recently published this piece with Think Global Health, writing in part, “After more than a decade of debate over whether gain-of-function research poses unacceptable risks or provides valuable scientific and public health benefits that justify the risks, the executive order creates an opportunity to move past those disagreements. To do so, policymakers and scientists should advocate for a new independent agency devoted to bio-responsibility that can develop integrated, risk-based, and flexible models for U.S. government oversight of pathogen research.”

What We’re Listening to 🎧

Biosecurity: Changing the Game, Ep. 5, Taking Biological Threats Off the Table Through Next-Generation Global South Leadership

“In this episode, Dr. Dinah Nasike brings together a group of next generation leaders who have decided to get involved in taking biological threats off the table by pitching a powerful proposal to the world on the 100 Days Mission: The Biosecurity Emerging Leaders Declaration at the 61st Munich Security Conference.”

Listen here.

ICYMI: 2025 state of U.S. Biodefense Address

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense: “Commission Executive Director Dr. Asha M. George delivered the first annual State of National Biodefense address. The increasing biological threat and uncertainty surrounding federal biodefense programs and capabilities necessitates a clear-eyed examination of the threat and US efforts to address critical capability gaps. This address lays out the current realities of national biodefense and the Commission’s vision for a future where the Nation can more effectively prevent, deter, prepare for, detect, respond to, attribute, recover from, and mitigate biological incidents.”

Watch the address recording here.

NEW: Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI

From PAN: “The risks of new pandemic threats are compounding. Zoonotic spillover and uncontained outbreaks are well-known risks that are not yet well enough addressed. Today, focus must also turn to biosecurity and biosafety risks. Beyond naturally occurring infectious disease threats, the risks of a manmade pandemic — by accident or by design — must be mitigated.”

“Pandemic Action Network (PAN) and The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response will convene a public event, Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI, on the sidelines of WHA78 to discuss opportunities and risks in our evolving global health, technological, and geopolitical landscape, and offer concrete next steps to prioritise biosecurity and biosafety efforts needed to keep the world safe and secure.”

This event will take place on May 21, 0700-0800 CET in Geneva. Register here.

NEW: The Second Annual State of the Science Address

From NASEM: “We invite you to join National Academy of Sciences President Marcia McNutt for the second annual State of the Science address, to be delivered on June 3 [3-5 pm EDT] in Washington, D.C.  The event will explore the current status of the U.S. research enterprise and strategies for navigating a rapidly changing scientific landscape.”

“Register to Attend In Person or Virtually.”

NEW: What Does H5N1 Have to Do with the Prices of Eggs?

From NASEM: “The high cost of eggs has been one of the most visible societal impacts of H5N1 bird flu. First detected on U.S. poultry farms in February 2022 and in U.S. dairy cattle in 2024, the deadly bird flu strain has now spread to all fifty states. What are the risks to humans and susceptible animals, like cats?  How are farmers coping with the disease, and what role do state and local officials play? How do costs along the supply chain translate to costs at the grocery store?”

“Join us for our second “Healthy Exchange” webinar in our Special Edition Bird Flu Series on June 3, 2025, from 1:00-2:30 PM ET for an informal discussion and Q&A with three animal health experts who will share their perspectives on managing the spread and impacts of bird flu.”

Register here.

Pandemic Readiness in an Uncertain World

From the Geneva Graduate Institute: “Based on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (The Independent Panel) recommended a package of evidence-based reforms as a blueprint for transforming global pandemic prevention, preparedness and response systems. Since delivering their main report, the Independent Panel Co-Chairs – Her Excellency Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and the Right Honourable Helen Clark – along with several members have continued to advocate for implementation of the package.”

“While some progress has been made since 2021, it has been uneven and insufficient, and today dangerous gaps remain in national, regional and global systems to prevent, prepare for, and respond to emerging infectious disease threats. Political leadership has waned to dangerously low levels. This year has been tumultuous, and the level of uncertainty presents wide-ranging consequences for achieving a world safe from the threat of another pandemic.”

“Yet despite the challenging geopolitical landscape, the World Health Organization (WHO) Member States have reached consensus on a proposal for a pandemic agreement, which will now be put to the 78th World Health Assembly for adoption. This is a critical moment, but leadership and continued action are needed to protect the world from pandemic threats.”

“Informed by four new policy briefs developed by The Independent Panel, this event will engage leaders and experts in an open conversation about the prospect of delivering pandemic preparedness and response reforms over the next 12-18 months, delving into global and regional challenges, barriers to progress, and potential levers for change.”

This hybrid event will take place on May 20, 12-2 pm CEST. Learn more and register here.

Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI

From PAN: “The risks of new pandemic threats are compounding. Zoonotic spillover and uncontained outbreaks are well-known risks that are not yet well enough addressed. Today, focus must also turn to biosecurity and biosafety risks. Beyond naturally occurring infectious disease threats, the risks of a manmade pandemic — by accident or by design — must be mitigated.”

“Pandemic Action Network (PAN) and The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response will convene a public event, Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI, on the sidelines of WHA78 to discuss opportunities and risks in our evolving global health, technological, and geopolitical landscape, and offer concrete next steps to prioritise biosecurity and biosafety efforts needed to keep the world safe and secure.”

This event will take place on May 21, 07.00-09.00 CET. Learn more and register here.

Assessing Research Security Efforts in Higher Education, A Workshop

“The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cordially invites you to attend a workshop to consider potential measures of effectiveness and performance, and the data needed, to assess research security and protection efforts in higher education by a range of Federal agencies.”

“The workshop will be held on Thursday, May 22, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM U.S. Eastern and Friday, May 23, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM U.S. Eastern at the National Academy of Sciences Building, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418.  A remote participation option is available.”

Learn more and register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

NEW: New WHO Course on Dual-Use Research and Responsible Use of the Life Sciences

The WHO Academy has made available a new training course designed to deepen your knowledge and enhance your approach to dual-use research and responsible use of the life sciences. This course examines these dual-use research issues and discusses ways to identify and mitigate potential biorisks as part of a multi-sectoral and cooperative approach across the One Health spectrum that promotes the safe, secure and responsible use of the life sciences to prevent accidents, unanticipated and deliberate misuse of biological materials, knowledge and emerging technologies. The course is multifaceted, accessible, adaptable, engaging, and interactive for a wide range of One Health audiences. Biodefense Program director Dr. Gregory Koblentz contributed to the development of the course. It’s a free, self-paced 3-hour course with a certificate of participation upon completion. You can enroll in the course here.

OPCW-The Hague Award 2025 Open for Nominations

“The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in partnership with the City of The Hague has opened a call for nominations for the 2025 OPCW-The Hague Award. Full details of the eligibility criteria and requirements for nominations, as well as the online nomination form, are now available on the OPCW official website.”

Learn more about the award here.

WHO in Action – WHO Pandemic Fund Newsletter

The WHO recently created a newsletter providing updates on its Pandemic Fund and the projects it has in more than 70 countries focused on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response activities. The first newsletter is available here and introduces the Pandemic Fund Navigator, shares stories from Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Yemen, and more. Subscribe here.

Blurb

Biodefense MS Information Session

“Prospective students are invited to attend a information session to hear more about the Biodefense M.S. program offered at the Schar School. The online session will provide an overview of the program, as well as the application process, student experience and graduate outcomes. This session admissions will be led by the Graduate Admissions team.”

This session will take place on Tuesday, May 20 at 12 pm EDT. Register here.

UNAIDS to Slash Workforce

UNAIDS, the UN agency that fights HIV/AIDS globally, is set to cut its workforce by more than half in addition to moving many of its postings to cheaper locations. This is the result of drastic funding cuts from donors like the US as well as countries in Asia and Europe, according to the agency. UNAIDS warned previously that, unless support for its efforts are restored soon, more than six million more people could die from AIDS in the next four years, and an addition 2,000 people per day could be infected with HIV.

Genetic Study Finds SARS-CoV-2 Originated in Wildlife Trade

In a study published Wednesday (“The Recency and Geographical Origins of the Bat Viruses Ancestral to SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2“), researchers compared the evolution of SARS with that of COVID-19 nearly two decades later. They analyzed the genomes of both SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, in addition to nearly 250 related coronaviruses in bats and other mammals. They determined that fragments of the human SARS-CoVs share very recent common ancestors with bat viruses, that both SARS-CoV-1-like and SARS-CoV-2-like viruses have circulated in Asia for millennia, that recent ancestors of human SARS-CoV-s likely circulated in western China and northern Laos, and that these ancestors traveled unexpectedly fast to reach sites of human emergence. Importantly, the authors note that, “We find that the direct ancestors of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 are unlikely to have reached their respective sites of emergence via dispersal in the bat reservoir alone, supporting interactions with intermediate hosts through wildlife trade playing a role in zoonotic spillover.”

This research comes at a time when the current administration is treating the lab leak theory like a given. Last month, the White House created a new webpage called “Lab Leak: The True Origin of Covid 19” which is now the landing page for sites once dedicated to providing information about COVID-19 and access to COVID-19 test kits. The White House further described the lab leak theory as “confirmed” last Friday, using it as a justification to cut $18 billion to NIH in response to what it described as NIH’s “inability to prove that its grants to the Wuhan Institute of Virology were not complicit in such a possible leak.”

Further Reading:

• “Tulsi Gabbard is Out to Prove Covid Came From a Lab,” Erin Schumaker, Politico

Trump Issues EO Restricting Federal Funding for GoF Research

President Trump signed an executive order this week that promises greater transparency on gain of function research, worse penalties for scientists who violate federal rules and guidelines, and a ban on federal funding for GoF research in countries of concern, such as the PRC. The move has been praised by some who worry that GoF research could lead to outbreaks or even a pandemic. Donald Trump likes to claim that this is how the COVID-19 pandemic began. However, others worry that the Trump administration has used too broad and vague of a definition of GoF, leading to concern that it could trap important low risk studies in its wide net.

Science discussed the new EO with GMU Biodefense Graduate Program Director Gregory Koblentz, who explained that, given Trump’s willingness to use federal research funding as a weapon in other battles, the EO could cause substantial problems for legitimate pathogen research. He said, “There is a high likelihood that research institutions will simply curtail such research for fear of running afoul of poorly worded policies and regulations that would impose draconian penalties on the institution.” He later explained that it is unclear how many extra layers of review and oversight academic researchers and their institutions can even manage amid massive budget cuts.

Further Reading:

• “Trump Moves to Tighten Rules on Risky Research on Viruses, Bacteria, and Toxins,” Kai Kupferschmidt, Science
• “How the Trump Administration’s Ban on Gain-of-Function Research Undermines Pandemic Preparedness,” Global Biodefense Staff, Global Biodefense
• “Pausing Research Not a Path to Better Biosafety & Biosecurity,” American Society for Microbiology

MilliporeSigma to Add Temporary Tariff Surcharges to Products Shipped to US

One of the largest suppliers of medical research products, MilliporeSigma, recently announced it will be adding a temporary tariff surcharge to any product orders it ships to the United States. MilliporeSigma has yet to release the exact percentage of the surcharge, nor indicate how long it may last. As one of the largest medical research suppliers, this decision will have strong impacts on many labs, pharmaceutical companies, and research institutions.

HHS to Invest Half a Billion Dollars in NIH Vaccine Project

HHS is reportedly planning to invest $500 million in a project it calls “Generation Gold Standard,” which will aim to develop a universal-vaccine technology to protect against multiple strains of viruses all at once. The catch? The administration plans to base this universal vaccine platform on a β-propiolactone-inactivated (BPL-inactivated) whole-virus approach. This is a method that requires killing whole viruses using BPL and then using these viruses in inactivated vaccines.

Not only is this an old approach, but the concept of a universal flu vaccine is also nothing new. This move has left some scientists concerned that HHS is putting all of its eggs into one basket that has yet to be particularly successful despite strong efforts. Furthermore, this investment in the BPL platform represents a massive shift away from federal investments in mRNA vaccines, which were at the core of the success of Operation Warp Speed.

In a press release, NIH Director Jay Bhattacharya said, “Generation Gold Standard is a paradigm shift…It extends vaccine protection beyond strain-specific limits and prepares for flu viral threats – not just today’s, but tomorrow’s as well – using traditional vaccine technology brought into the 21st century.”

Further Reading:

• “Scientists Question NIH Project’s Use of 20th Century Technology to Make a Universal Flu Vaccine,” Helen Branswell, STAT News
• “‘It’s All Cronyism Going Forward,‘” Katherine J. Wu, The Atlantic
• “US Halts Funding for New COVID-19 Vaccines,” Max Barnhart, C&EN

NIH Continued to Cut Research Grants Event After Judge Blocked Cuts

The NIH terminated $1.8 billion in grants in less than 40 days as part of the administration’s effort to shrink the federal government and its spending, targeting, among other things, studies related to gender identity and gender affirming care. NIH continued to terminate grants, it seems, despite a federal judge ordering the administration to stop cutting funding related to gender identity and the provision of gender affirming care. This preliminary injunction was created in response to the president’s executive order requiring NIH to terminate such funding. Lawyers for the federal government have claimed in court that the administration has complied with the judge’s order.

Reporting from ProPublica describes how the Washington attorney general alleges the Trump administration violated this court order. The article explains, “Nearly two weeks after the court’s preliminary injunction was issued, the National Institutes of Health’s then-acting head, Dr. Matthew J. Memoli, drafted a memo that details how the agency, in response to Trump’s executive orders, cut funding for research grants that “promote or inculcate gender ideology.” An internal spreadsheet of terminated NIH grants also references “gender ideology” and lists the number associated with Trump’s executive order as the reason for the termination of more than a half dozen research grants.”

As ProPublica notes, other documents that have been filed in the case raise concerns about the role of the Department of Government Efficiency and its limited authority, as it is supposed to mostly act as an advisory body. However, in depositions filed in the case, multiple NIH officials testified that DOGE itself is who gave directions in hundreds of NIH grant terminations. This, along with the administration apparently ignoring yet another court order, are deeply concerning beyond even the realm of NIH, casting further doubt on the administration’s willingness to be transparent and conduct its business legally.

Further Reading:

• “NIH Grant Terminations Total $1.81B: Report,” Erica Carbajal, Becker’s Hospital Review
• “Characterization of Research Grant Terminations at the National Institutes of Health,” Liu et al., JAMA
• “Economists Warn Trump’s Research Cuts Could Have Dire Consequences for GDP,” Geoff Grumfiel, NPR
• “Exclusive: Generations of Americans Gave Harvard Biological Samples That May Soon be Lost Due to Trump Funding Cuts,” Sandee LaMotte, CNN

HICPAC Terminated, NIOSH Staff Laid Off

The administration has terminated a federal advisory committee that was tasked with issuing guidance on preventing the spread of infections in health care facilities. The Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HIPAC) formerly created national standards for things like hand washing, mask wearing, and the isolating of sick patients that are followed by most US hospitals. It was reported last week that HICPAC members had begun receiving termination letters, and that the committee’s webpage had been archived.

The CDC delivered the news about the committee’s termination to members last Friday. In a letter obtained by the media, which committee members said CDC sent to them following a virtual meeting, it was revealed that the termination actually took effect on March 31, more than a month prior. While the committee’s webpage is still available but archived, many are concerned its recommendations will not be updated at all in the future, failing to evolve in response to things like new scientific developments or the spread of drug-resistant microbes.

Elsewhere in CDC, nearly all of the remaining staff of the National Institute of Occupational Health and Safety were laid off last week. This came after new requests for investigations of things like workplace health hazards and firefighter injuries stopped being accepted. NIOSH was formed by the same law that created OSHA. NIOSH produced research that drove OSHA’s regulations and enforcement, in addition to providing its own voluntary recommendations to employers.

In a needed dose of good news from CDC, the Epidemic Intelligence Service has been granted an exemption to hire its new class of fellows, avoiding a feared halving of its workforce.

Further Reading:

• “Cuts Have Eliminated More Than a Dozen US Government Health-Tracking Programs,” Mike Stobbe, AP
• “Trump Proposes Billions in Cuts to Federal Health Agencies from NIH to CDC,” Daniel Payne, STAT News
• “Trump Has Called for More Babies but Dismissed Fertility Experts,” Roni Caryn Rabin, The New York Times

Kennedy Selects New Director for FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research

Secretary Kennedy has selected Vinay Prasad, a hematologist-oncologist who has attracted attention for his criticism of public health policy on social media, to lead the FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. He will succeed Peter Marks, who abruptly resigned from the position in March, citing disagreements with Kennedy. Prasad has been a staunch critic of COVID-19 vaccine mandates for children, though he did describe the vaccines themselves as a “miraculous, life-saving advance.”

Further Reading:

• “Vinay Prasad, in His Own Words, Outlines the Philosophy He’ll Bring to the FDA,” STAT Staff, STAT News
• “Now is Not the Time to Eat Bagged Lettuce,” Nicholas Florko, The Atlantic

Trump Nominates Casey Means for Surgeon General

The administration has pulled its nomination of former Fox News medical contributor Janette Nesheiwat to become the next surgeon general. This was reported on Wednesday, the day before Nesheiwat was set to appear before the Senate HELP committee to begin her confirmation process. Nesheiwat is a medical director at CityMD, an urgent care company operating in New York, and does still regularly contribute her opinions and insights to Fox News. She is also the sister-in-law of former national security advisor turned UN ambassador nominee, Mike Waltz.

Nesheiwat has previously misrepresented her educational and professional background, claiming on different occasions that she attended the University of Arkansas and other US institutions for medical school. She also has misrepresented herself as being “double board-certified” in family and emergency medicine, when she is only board certified in family medicine. She has also misrepresented her time spent in Army ROTC, at times implying that she completed the program and commissioned into the Army. The reality is that, while she did enroll in ROTC and attended the program’s advanced camp, she did not commission.

In reality, she quit ROTC and obtained her MD from the American University of the Caribbean School of Medicine, a private for-profit institution. The fact that Nesheiwat lied about this repeatedly does point to a much broader issue, which is the bias many in the US have against Caribbean medical school graduates. Many US students seeking to become physicians turn to these institutions for a variety of reasons, including struggling to gain admission to programs in the US. Graduating from the Caribbean as a US student puts them in a difficult position as they compete for US residency slots as international medical graduates.

These programs are not without their faults, including comparatively lax admissions, higher attrition rates, lower licensing exam pass rates, and poorer odds of matching into US residency slots. However, the reality is that there are many practicing physicians in the US who did attend these programs and have gone on to be very successful in their careers, helping countless patients. Efforts by pundits and media outlets to twist this conversation into a dogpile on those who attend these institutions is not necessary or helpful.

The fact that Nesheiwat lied about this and other elements of her background is much more troubling, as is the fact that she was ever considered for surgeon general. What is much worse, however, is the apparent sway political activist Laura Loomer has over the president. Multiple outlets have reported that Loomer urged the president to pick a new nominee, not just because Nesheiwat has been untruthful about her background, but also because she is pro-vaccine and praised the COVID-19 vaccines.

This takes us to Wednesday, when President Trump announced the nomination of Casey Means for surgeon general. Means graduated from Stanford University School of Medicine in 2014. However, she dropped out of her surgical residency in favor of practicing “functional medicine,” a type of alternative medicine that relies heavily on debunked or unproven interventions and treatments. Her medical license has been inactive since 2024. Instead, Means has been essentially working as a wellness influencer, publishing a book that decries “mainstream medicine” and going on to found a CGM company, Levels. She is also the sister of Calley Means, who is currently serving as a special government employee at HHS. This is in sharp contrast to surgeons general of the past, who held active medical licenses, completed their residencies, and had strong, relevant leadership experience.

The surgeon general leads the Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, a uniformed service that works across HHS, supports other government organizations like the Coast Guard, augments other federal, state, and local agencies when needed, and deploys both domestically and internationally to provide medical care during different kinds of disasters and emergencies and engage in health diplomacy. Thus, while many Americans no longer see the surgeon general as an especially important role, it is still important to have someone qualified in that role. Casey Means does not fit that bill, and she may not even be eligible for this role as the surgeon general is a vice admiral in the commissioned corps. Appointment to the corps requires physicians to have an active, unrestricted medical license.

While the administration may be able to maneuver Means around this requirement, she certainly is not out of the woods. Shortly after President Trump’s announcement of her nomination, she too became the target of Laura Loomer, with Loomer accusing Means of being a “Marxist tree hugger” while decrying her use of “shrooms as ‘plant medicine'”. The nomination of Means, an ally of RFK Jr., has also triggered infighting within the MAHA movement itself.

Further Reading:

• “Who is Dr. Casey Means?” Benjamin Mueller and Christina Jewett, The New York Times
• “Scientists Who Was Part of Covid Treatment Controversy Returns to HHS,” Lena H. Sun, Lisa Rein, and Carolyn Y. Johnson, The Washington Post

“The Global North is Increasingly Unsafe for Global Health Meetings”

Shashika Bandara, Nhial Deng, and Madhukar Pai recently published this piece in The Lancet. They explain in their introduction, “American civil rights activist Maya Angelou once wrote, “prejudice is a burden that confuses the past, threatens the future, and renders the present inaccessible”.¹ At a time of unprecedented nationalist and far-right politics in some countries, many people working in global health increasingly encounter an unsafe environment for meetings and conferences, especially those who are considered as others, such as citizens of the Global South, immigrants, refugees and Indigenous, LGBTQ+, and racialised minorities.”

“KFF Tracking Poll on Health Information and Trust: Vaccine Safety and Trust”

From KFF: “As the Trump administration attempts to overhaul many government health agencies, the latest KFF Tracking Poll on Health Information and Trust finds that partisans’ trust in these agencies as sources of reliable vaccine information has shifted from where it stood under the Biden administration with trust declining among Democrats and rising among Republicans. While Democrats remain more likely than Republicans to trust the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the share of Republicans who have a “great deal” or “fair amount” of trust in these agencies to provide vaccine information has increased by about 10 percentage points from 2023. Concurrently, trust in these agencies as reliable sources of vaccine information has fallen among Democrats by double digits, including for the CDC (70% now v. 88% in 2023) and the FDA (67% v. 86%).”

Read more here.

“The Trump Administration’s Foreign Aid Review: Status of PEPFAR”

From KFF: “Starting on the first day of his second term, President Trump issued several executive actions that have fundamentally changed foreign assistance. These included: an executive order which called for a 90-day review of foreign aid; a subsequent “stop-work order” that froze all payments and services for work already underway; the dissolution of USAID, including the reduction of most staff and contractors; and the cancellation of most foreign assistance awards. Although a waiver to allow life-saving humanitarian assistance was issued, it has been limited to certain services only and difficult for program implementers to obtain. In addition, while there have been several legal challenges to these actions, there has been limited legal remedy to date. As a result, U.S. global health programs have been disrupted and, in some cases, ended. Recent changes to the Department of Health and Human Services, including proposed cuts and reorganization, are also likely to affect these programs. This fact sheet is part of a series on the status of U.S. global health programs.”

Read more here.

“The Evolution of United States Governance Policies for Research Using Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential”

Gerald Epstein recently published this article in Applied Biosafety: “Background: Prompted by publications in 2012 involving the enhancement of a highly virulent but poorly transmissible human pathogen to make it more transmissible, the research community and the U.S. government have implemented policies to oversee research involving enhanced pathogens that pose the risk of causing a pandemic.”

“Method: This article reviews the evolution of policies governing high consequence, government-funded research that has been called “gain-of-function-research-of-concern,” research with “enhanced potential pandemic pathogens” (ePPPs), and research with “pathogens with enhanced pandemic potential” (PEPPs). It analyzes features that these policies share and points out some of their shortcomings, challenges, and ambiguities.”

“Results: These policies, culminating in the 2024 United States Government Policy for Oversight of Dual-Use Research of Concern and Pathogens with Enhanced Pandemic Potential, all define a set of consequential research activities that trigger the need for additional high-level review, and they all set out principles that must be satisfied before the research can be funded.”

“Conclusion: The 2024 policy, like its predecessors, only applies to government-funded research. Extending it to cover privately funded research would require either new regulations under existing statutory authority or new legislation. Like its predecessors, the 2024 policy requires that the benefits of PEPP research justify its potential pandemic risk. Unlike its predecessors, however, the 2024 policy is missing an important principle that prevents construction of a pandemic pathogen that—were it not for its creation in the proposed research—would have little likelihood of ever causing an actual pandemic.”

“Syria’s Clandestine Chemical Arsenal: The Complete Dossier”

From the Middle East Forum: “This report represents the culmination of six years of clandestine intelligence gathering by the Middle East Forum’s network of sources within and adjacent to the Syrian regime’s chemical weapons program. From 2018 until the Assad regime’s downfall, our sources methodically assembled intelligence on Syria’s military-chemical manufacturing complex, revealing an intricate system designed to develop, produce, and deploy chemical and biological weapons while evading international scrutiny.”

“At the heart of this enterprise were two key components: Institute 6000 (formerly Branch 3000), the scientific and research division tasked with developing chemical agents, and Branch 450, the security apparatus responsible for transporting, securing, and deploying these weapons. Both operated under the umbrella of the Center for Scientific Studies and Research (CSSR), a nominally civilian institution that served as the regime’s primary vehicle for weapons development.”

“This report provides unprecedented detail on personnel, facilities, operational procedures, command structures, and evasion tactics employed by the Syrian regime to maintain its chemical weapons capability despite international prohibitions and inspections. The intelligence contained herein is based on firsthand accounts from regime insiders, intercepted communications, and documentary evidence collected at great personal risk by our sources.”

“The Middle East Forum’s investigation reveals a program far more sophisticated, resilient, and extensive than previously understood by the international community. The complete picture that emerges is one of systematic deception orchestrated at the highest levels of the Syrian government, with direct oversight from the Presidential Palace.”

NEW: Quo Vadis WHO?

From Brown Pandemic Center: “The World Health Organization (WHO) is in a moment of crisis. The decision by the US to withdraw from the organisation leaves the WHO with a deficit of about 15% of its total funding through the end of 2025 and 45% projected for 2026-27.”

“The current crisis is new, but it lays bare long-standing, untenable realities: The WHO is overly dependent on a single global superpower to function; The WHO is doing too many things, which comes at the cost of effectively carrying out its core, essential functions; Member states from low-middle-income countries are disproportionately dependent on the WHO to deliver essential healthcare.”

“To avoid falling into a new dependency trap, WHO Member States should consider the following questions: What are the core functions of the WHO that member states cannot lose without major negative consequences for their health status? What functions of the WHO are duplicative of work done by another UN or global institution? Which local institutions can be leveraged in each member state to fulfil roles currently carried out by the WHO?”

This event will take place on May 13 at 12 pm EDT. Learn more and register here.

NEW: Pandemic Readiness in an Uncertain World

From the Geneva Graduate Institute: “Based on lessons from the COVID-19 pandemic, The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response (The Independent Panel) recommended a package of evidence-based reforms as a blueprint for transforming global pandemic prevention, preparedness and response systems. Since delivering their main report, the Independent Panel Co-Chairs – Her Excellency Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and the Right Honourable Helen Clark – along with several members have continued to advocate for implementation of the package.”

“While some progress has been made since 2021, it has been uneven and insufficient, and today dangerous gaps remain in national, regional and global systems to prevent, prepare for, and respond to emerging infectious disease threats. Political leadership has waned to dangerously low levels. This year has been tumultuous, and the level of uncertainty presents wide-ranging consequences for achieving a world safe from the threat of another pandemic.”

“Yet despite the challenging geopolitical landscape, the World Health Organization (WHO) Member States have reached consensus on a proposal for a pandemic agreement, which will now be put to the 78th World Health Assembly for adoption. This is a critical moment, but leadership and continued action are needed to protect the world from pandemic threats.”

“Informed by four new policy briefs developed by The Independent Panel, this event will engage leaders and experts in an open conversation about the prospect of delivering pandemic preparedness and response reforms over the next 12-18 months, delving into global and regional challenges, barriers to progress, and potential levers for change.”

This hybrid event will take place on May 20, 12-2 pm CEST. Learn more and register here.

Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI

From PAN: “The risks of new pandemic threats are compounding. Zoonotic spillover and uncontained outbreaks are well-known risks that are not yet well enough addressed. Today, focus must also turn to biosecurity and biosafety risks. Beyond naturally occurring infectious disease threats, the risks of a manmade pandemic — by accident or by design — must be mitigated.”

“Pandemic Action Network (PAN) and The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response will convene a public event, Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI, on the sidelines of WHA78 to discuss opportunities and risks in our evolving global health, technological, and geopolitical landscape, and offer concrete next steps to prioritise biosecurity and biosafety efforts needed to keep the world safe and secure.”

This event will take place on May 21, 07.00-09.00 CET. Learn more and register here.

Assessing Research Security Efforts in Higher Education, A Workshop

“The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cordially invites you to attend a workshop to consider potential measures of effectiveness and performance, and the data needed, to assess research security and protection efforts in higher education by a range of Federal agencies.”

“The workshop will be held on Thursday, May 22, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM U.S. Eastern and Friday, May 23, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM U.S. Eastern at the National Academy of Sciences Building, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418.  A remote participation option is available.”

Learn more and register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

OPCW-The Hague Award 2025 Open for Nominations

“The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in partnership with the City of The Hague has opened a call for nominations for the 2025 OPCW-The Hague Award. Full details of the eligibility criteria and requirements for nominations, as well as the online nomination form, are now available on the OPCW official website.”

Learn more about the award here.

WHO in Action – WHO Pandemic Fund Newsletter

The WHO recently created a newsletter providing updates on its Pandemic Fund and the projects it has in more than 70 countries focused on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response activities. The first newsletter is available here and introduces the Pandemic Fund Navigator, shares stories from Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Yemen, and more. Subscribe here.

SIPRI Researcher, Biological Weapons or Biological and Chemical Weapons, WMD

“SIPRI’s Armament and Disarmament Cluster is hiring a Researcher, with specific focus on biological weapons or biological and chemical weapons, to join the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Programme.”

“The Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Programme at SIPRI seeks to contribute to the understanding of trends and developments pertaining to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. It considers their implications for an increasingly complex security landscape and seeks to identify approaches to address the risks and challenges WMD pose. To this end, the Programme examines the political, institutional, legal and technical aspects of WMD governance, focusing on international efforts at arms control and disarmament, materials security and non-proliferation, and risk reduction.  Recent research in chemical and biological weapons at SIPRI focuses on strengthening global norms against chemical weapon use, risks at the convergence of biology and technology, and implications of dual-use research in the life sciences.”

Learn more and apply here by May 16.

NTI|bio Hiring Program Associate/Program Officer, Global Biological Policy and Programs

“NTI – a global security organization driving systemic solutions to nuclear, biological, and emerging technology threats imperiling humanity – is seeking a Program Associate/Program Officer (title to be determined based on candidate experience) to join the Global Biological Policy and Programs (NTI | bio) team.”

“This position reports to the Vice President, or other senior manager, of the NTI | bio team. This is a full-time hybrid position, working a minimum of three days per week in our Washington, DC office.”

“NTI | bio is focused on reducing catastrophic biological risks, and we are working toward this goal by strengthening biotechnology governance; bolstering biosecurity in countries around the world; strengthening international capabilities to uphold the norm against bioweapon development and use; driving progress in global health security; and building the biosecurity field.”

Learn more and apply here.

This week’s Pandora Report includes a new opportunity to learn about GMU’s Biodefense MS program, the publication of a new PRC whitepaper on COVID-19 origins, discussion of the second Trump administration’s first 100 days and its impact on public health, and more.

Biodefense MS Information Session

“Prospective students are invited to attend a information session to hear more about the Biodefense M.S. program offered at the Schar School. The online session will provide an overview of the program, as well as the application process, student experience and graduate outcomes. This session admissions will be led by the Graduate Admissions team.”

This session will take place on Tuesday, May 20 at 12 pm EDT. Register here.

Strengthening Global Accountability for Chemical Weapons Use

 The German Foundation for Peace Research (DSF) has published a new report, “Investigating and penalizing chemical weapons use. Global security governance and compliance with multilateral disarmament treaties” by Alexander Kelle and Oliver Meier. The report seeks to answer the qeustion: What enables the accountability network in the chemical weapons regime to identify those responsible for CW use in Syria—and pave the way for penalties? Their analysis highlights key factors behind the network’s effectiveness: informality, strong motivation, trust built through personal ties, and flexible rule interpretation to advance accountability.

PRC Suggests (Again) COVID-19 Originated in the US

China’s State Council Information Office released a whitepaper this week titled, “COVID-19 Prevention, control and Origins Tracing: China’s Actions and Stance”. In the paper, China accuses the US of politicizing the search for the origins of SARS-CoV-2, citing a lawsuit in Missouri that ended in a $24 billion ruling against the PRC for the hoarding of PPE and other medical equipment and concealing the initial outbreak of COVID-19. The whitepaper also highlights the determination of the WHO/PRC joint study that found a lab leak origin was “extremely unlikely”. The release of the publication came shortly after the White House launched a website supporting the lab leak pandemic origin theory.

Trump Administration Updates

The First 100 Days of the Second Trump Administration

The first 100 days of this administration have proven detrimental to public health. More than 20,000 jobs in the field were terminated, billions of dollars in funding has been axed or threatened, the administration’s draft budget proposal is setting the stage for a potential $40 billion funding cut to HHS, and even drinking water fluoridation is in jeopardy. The turmoil is already weakening public trust in relevant organizations. Polling from Harvard’s T.H. Chan SPH and the de Beaumont Foundation found 44% of US adults sampled have indicated new leadership in charge of federal public health agencies will make them trust health recommendations from those agencies less than they previously did.

Further Reading:

• “Day by Day, How Trump is Roiling Science and Health,” Usha Lee McFarling, STAT News
• “Here’s How the Trump Administration Has Changed Health Policy in Its First 100 Days,” Kwong et al., NPR
• “Trump 100 Days: Public Health,” Amanda Seitz, AP News
• “How Public Health Has Been Upended in Trump’s First 100 Days,” Washington Post Staff, The Washington Post
• “Poll: Many Americans Say They Will Lose Trust in Public Health Recommendations Under Federal Leadership Changes,” Maya Brownstein, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
• “5 Places to Turn for Accurate Health Information,” Teddy Rosenbluth, The New York Times
• “F.D.A. Scientists Are Reinstated at Agency Food Safety Labs,” Christina Jewett, The New York Times
• “U.S. Health Officials Inject New Uncertainty Into Approval Process for Covid Boosters,” Helen Branswell, STAT News
• “America’s Response to Measles is Eroding Its Ability to Deter Biological Attacks,” Steph Batalis, Defense One
• “RFK Jr. Asks CDC for New Measles Treatment Guidance Amid His Unfounded Claims,” Alexander Tin, CBS News
• “US at Tipping Point for Return of Endemic Measles,” Nancy Lapid, Reuters
• “Hospitals Begin to Grapple with Tariff Fallout,” Tina Reed, Axios

HHS Pauses Work at NIAID’s Integrated Research Facility

NIAID’s Integrated Research Facility, which specializes in multidisciplinary research and is one of the few places in the world that can do medical imaging on animals in BSL-4 containment, was ordered to stop work this week. Employees were told that the facility will be ending its studies on Lassa fever, SARS-CoV-2, and EEE. The animals used in these studies will not be euthanized, and DHS officials will padlock the facility’s BSL-4 freezers.  Gigi Kwik Gronvall, a senior scholar at the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, told Wired “The sacrifice to research is immense…If things are unused for a period of time, it will cost more money to get them ready to be used again.”

This seems well in line with Secretary Kennedy’s agenda. He promised he would attempt to shut down NIH research on infectious diseases, incorrectly claiming that the federal government’s funding for infectious disease research far surpasses that for chronic diseases. A spokesperson for NIH characterized the facility’s shuttering as a “research pause,” apparently blaming staff members for the shutdown. However, Connie Schmaljohn, Director of the Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, was placed on administrative leave, casting doubts on this claim.

HICPAC Members Terminated, Webpage Archived

Several members of the CDC’s Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) reportedly have received termination letters, and the committee’s webpage has been archived, prompting many to assume its days are numbered. HICPAC helps to develop guidance for preventing and controlling healthcare-associated infections. It gained attention in recent years after some groups criticized its revisions to some of its infection control guidance. Experts are now concerned that the loss of this committee would be incredibly damaging to infection prevention, likely leading to many more patients suffering healthcare-associated infections.

NIH Stops Funding for New Projects with Subawards to Foreign Institutions

The NIH announced on Thursday that it will no longer allow grants to have any subawards that go to foreign institutions as part of a broader effort to eventually end the subaward process all together. A subaward is created when a grant recipient gives some of their funding from NIH to another institution that will then carry out part of the work under that grant. The complete change is expected to be in place by September 30. About 15% of NIH grants had a “foreign component” in 2023, according to reporting from Nature, meaning this move will have far-reaching implications.

Further Reading:

• “NIH Under Siege,” Jocelyn Kaiser, Science
• “Exclusive: NIH to End Billions of Dollars in Foreign Research Grants,” Max Kozlov, Nature

“Are We Ready for the Next One?”

Emily Gaines Buchler authored this article about future pandemics for Johns Hopkins Magazine, writing in part “Although the scientific community lacks consensus on whether COVID-19 originated in the Wuhan market or elsewhere, most scientists agree on another matter: We can expect more pandemics to come, owing to factors like climate change, mass migration, globalization, and human encroachment on wildlife and insect ecosystems. According to the center’s director Tom Inglesby, who served in COVID-related advisory roles during the pandemic at the White House and in the Department of Health and Human Services, “as temperatures change, people are moving around the world more rapidly than ever before … and intruding into ecosystems that used to be made up entirely of animals or insects.” This, in turn, creates opportunities for humans to get infected by new diseases and disease strains.”

“A WHO Director on the Future of Polio Eradication”

Think Global Health’s Allison Krugman interviews Hamid Jafari, the WHO’s polio chief for the Eastern Mediterranean, about what the global fight against polio looks like post-USAID funding in this article. Krugman explains part of the issue in the article’s intro, writing “Among the many programs affected, the World Health Organization (WHO)–led Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) is facing uncertainty because 21% of its budget has been historically funded by the United States. The partnership already needed an additional $2.3 billion to meet its goal of eradicating polio by 2029—and must now plan for an additional $133 million no longer arriving this year from the United States.”

“Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) Report: Antibiotic Use Data for 2022”

From WHO: “This Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) report describes global progress in GLASS-AMU surveillance and antibiotic use in 2022, reported by 60 countries. It supplements the 2016–2022 GLASS-AMU data on the GLASS dashboard.”

Read WHO’s news release about this report and its findings here, and a similar piece from CIDRAP here.

“A Call for Built-in Biosecurity Safeguards for Generative AI Tools”

Wang et al. recently published this Correspondence article in Nature Biotechnology, in which they explain in part “The power of generative AI lies in its ability to generalize from known data to the unknown. Deep generative models can predict novel biological molecules that might not resemble existing genome sequences or proteins. This capability introduces dual-use risks and serious biosecurity threats — such models could potentially bypass the established safety screening mechanisms used by nucleic acid synthesis providers, which presently rely on database matching to identify sequences of concerns. AI-driven tools could be misused to engineer pathogens, toxins or destabilizing biomolecules, and AI science agents could amplify risks by automating experimental designs.”

Read Science‘s discussion of this proposal here.

“The Age of AI in the Life Sciences: Benefits and Biosecurity Considerations”

From NASEM: “Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in the life sciences have the potential to enable advances in biological discovery and design at a faster pace and efficiency than is possible with classical experimental approaches alone. At the same time, AI-enabled biological tools developed for beneficial applications could potentially be misused for harmful purposes. Although the creation of biological weapons is not a new concept or risk, the potential for AI-enabled biological tools to affect this risk has raised concerns during the past decade.”

“This report, as requested by the Department of Defense, assesses how AI-enabled biological tools could uniquely impact biosecurity risk, and how advancements in such tools could also be used to mitigate these risks. The Age of AI in the Life Sciences reviews the capabilities of AI-enabled biological tools and can be used in conjunction with the 2018 National Academies report, Biodefense in the Age of Synthetic Biology, which sets out a framework for identifying the different risk factors associated with synthetic biology capabilities.”

“AI Can Accelerate Scientific Advance, but the Real Bottlenecks to Progress are Cultural and Institutional”

Abi Olvera recently published this article in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, writing in part “But the biggest blocks to accelerating the pace of scientific advance may not be technical at all. From grant committees that favor incremental and focused over novel or interdisciplinary research, to academic systems that reward individuals rather than teams, to laboratories that are ill-equipped for automation, the challenges of advancing science lie in the funding, structuring, and guidance of scientific work. Artificial intelligence tools can help speed some important research, but transforming the pace at which science progresses will require addressing deep cultural and institutional barriers, too.”

“Strategic Investments the U.S. Should Make in the Bioeconomy Right Now”

Nazish Jeffery wrote this article for FAS, explaining in part “In 2023, the U.S. bioeconomy generated 643,992 domestic jobs and contributed $210.4 billion to the U.S. GDP, establishing it as a significant economic force. This impact is largely due to its broad and diverse scope. While the U.S. bioeconomy does not have a consensus definition, nearly all versions of the definition include biotechnology as a central driver. Consequently, a wide range of industries are encompassed within the bioeconomy (Table 1). Previous administrations, including the previous Trump Administration, have championed and advanced biotechnology and biomanufacturing. The Biden Administration released the Executive Order on Advancing Biotechnology and Biomanufacturing Innovation for a Sustainable, Safe, and Secure American Bioeconomy (Bioeconomy EO) focused on expanding domestic biomanufacturing capacity, streamlining regulations for biotech products, and expanding market opportunities. With a new chapter ahead of us, the United States is presented with incredible challenges and opportunities in the face of China’s dominance in this space.”

“50 Years After Vietnam War, Millions Still Battle Chemical Weapons Impact”

This Euro News article includes reporting from Jerry Fisayo-Bambi on the effects of chemical weapons on Vietnam, where more than three million people still suffer serious health issues associated with the agents used by the US in the country during the Vietnam War. Fisayo-Bambi also discusses what the Trump administration’s cuts to USAID funding mean for Vietnam and its people as dioxin hotspots continue to spread across much of the country.

“The Threat of Inaction in Response to Violations of International Law: A Syrian Case Study”

Elisabeth Baer discusses the international legal ramifications of not prosecuting Bashar al-Assad and his senior officials in this article for the Small Wars Journal, writing in part “The continued failure to prosecute Assad and his senior officials threatens to undermine international law and the Western-led rules-based order. The situation in Syria, therefore, serves as an excellent case study of the international community’s ineffective response to war crimes and violations of international law. It demonstrates a fundamental weakness in the enforceability of international statutes, highlights the dangers of the lack of substantive action, and threatens to cause irreparable damage to the standing of the US and its allies on the world stage. To address this dangerous precedent, it is crucial to understand the structural and geopolitical factors limiting both past and potential actions and responses from the international system and consider recommendations for possible solutions to this dangerous precedent.”

ICYMI: Building Resilience: Enhancing Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Pandemic Preparedness

From Brookings: “On April 30, the Center on Regulation and Markets will hold a public event to examine how we can become more resilient against biological threats by enhancing biosafety, biosecurity, and pandemic preparedness.”

Watch the recording here.

ICYMI: The healthcare system in North Korea: How it Looks and Works

“The Korea Health Policy Project presents “North Korea’s International Health Engagement: Past, Present, and Future.” This four-part webinar series brings together leading experts to discuss the current state of public health in North Korea, policy priorities, and prospects moving forward. In each session a moderated discussion will follow afterward. This seminar is the product of collaboration with the National Committee on North Korea (NCNK), United States Institute of Peace (USIP), 38 North, Council of Korean Americans (CKA), and the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change at the Harvard Medical School.”

Watch here.

NEW: Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI

From PAN: “The risks of new pandemic threats are compounding. Zoonotic spillover and uncontained outbreaks are well-known risks that are not yet well enough addressed. Today, focus must also turn to biosecurity and biosafety risks. Beyond naturally occurring infectious disease threats, the risks of a manmade pandemic — by accident or by design — must be mitigated.”

“Pandemic Action Network (PAN) and The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response will convene a public event, Biosecurity: A Priority in the Era of Pandemics and AI, on the sidelines of WHA78 to discuss opportunities and risks in our evolving global health, technological, and geopolitical landscape, and offer concrete next steps to prioritise biosecurity and biosafety efforts needed to keep the world safe and secure.”

This event will take place on May 21, 07.00-09.00 CET. Learn more and register here.

Region 3 RESPTCs Special Pathogens Workshop

“Join the Region 3 Regional Emerging Special Pathogen Treatment Centers (RESPTCs) for a free, full-day, hands-on training focused on caring for patients with high-consequence infectious diseases.”
“Open to all experience levels—this workshop is geared toward Pennsylvanians but welcomes participants from across Region 3: D.C., Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.”

This workshop will take place on May 7 from 7:30 am through 3 pm at the Greater Philadelphia Expo Center. Learn more and register here.

Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense: “This Commission meeting, Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier, will be held on May 8, 2025. The focus of this meeting will be to provide the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense with a better understanding of how to strengthen international astrobiodefense and planetary protection efforts through: (1) current government astrobiodefense efforts; (2) new scientific and technological advances for astrobiodefense; and (3) collaborative efforts and public-private partnerships to improve astrobiodefense. More information will be provided as the event date approaches.”

This event will take place on May 8 from 10 am-3:40 pm ET in Washington, DC. Register here.

Assessing Research Security Efforts in Higher Education, A Workshop

“The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cordially invites you to attend a workshop to consider potential measures of effectiveness and performance, and the data needed, to assess research security and protection efforts in higher education by a range of Federal agencies.”

“The workshop will be held on Thursday, May 22, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM U.S. Eastern and Friday, May 23, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM U.S. Eastern at the National Academy of Sciences Building, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418.  A remote participation option is available.”

Learn more and register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

NEW: OPCW-The Hague Award 2025 Open for Nominations

“The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) in partnership with the City of The Hague has opened a call for nominations for the 2025 OPCW-The Hague Award. Full details of the eligibility criteria and requirements for nominations, as well as the online nomination form, are now available on the OPCW official website.”

Learn more about the award here.

NEW: WHO in Action – WHO Pandemic Fund Newsletter

The WHO recently created a newsletter providing updates on its Pandemic Fund and the projects it has in more than 70 countries focused on pandemic prevention, preparedness, and response activities. The first newsletter is available here and introduces the Pandemic Fund Navigator, shares stories from Bhutan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Sri Lanka, Togo, and Yemen, and more. Subscribe here.

NEW: SIPRI Researcher, Biological Weapons or Biological and Chemical Weapons, WMD

“SIPRI’s Armament and Disarmament Cluster is hiring a Researcher, with specific focus on biological weapons or biological and chemical weapons, to join the Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Programme.”

“The Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Programme at SIPRI seeks to contribute to the understanding of trends and developments pertaining to nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. It considers their implications for an increasingly complex security landscape and seeks to identify approaches to address the risks and challenges WMD pose. To this end, the Programme examines the political, institutional, legal and technical aspects of WMD governance, focusing on international efforts at arms control and disarmament, materials security and non-proliferation, and risk reduction.  Recent research in chemical and biological weapons at SIPRI focuses on strengthening global norms against chemical weapon use, risks at the convergence of biology and technology, and implications of dual-use research in the life sciences.”

Learn more and apply here by May 16.

NTI|bio Hiring Program Associate/Program Officer, Global Biological Policy and Programs

“NTI – a global security organization driving systemic solutions to nuclear, biological, and emerging technology threats imperiling humanity – is seeking a Program Associate/Program Officer (title to be determined based on candidate experience) to join the Global Biological Policy and Programs (NTI | bio) team.”

“This position reports to the Vice President, or other senior manager, of the NTI | bio team. This is a full-time hybrid position, working a minimum of three days per week in our Washington, DC office.”

“NTI | bio is focused on reducing catastrophic biological risks, and we are working toward this goal by strengthening biotechnology governance; bolstering biosecurity in countries around the world; strengthening international capabilities to uphold the norm against bioweapon development and use; driving progress in global health security; and building the biosecurity field.”

Learn more and apply here.

Call for Experts: Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG)

From WHO: “The World Health Organization (WHO) is seeking experts to serve as members of the Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG). This “Call for experts” provides information about the advisory group, the expert profiles being sought, the process to express interest, and the process of selection.”

The deadline to express interest is May 5.

This week’s Pandora Report covers the WHO’s workforce reductions, the Trump administration’s full backing of the lab leak SARS-CoV-2 origin theory, yet more troubles at HHS, and more.

Science, Service, and Strategy: How One Soldier Is Shaping the Future of Biodefense

The Schar School recently published a feature on Biodefense MS alumnus MAJ Geoffrey Mattoon: “For Army Major Geoffrey Mattoon, the path to and through higher education wasn’t a straight line; it was a deliberate decision shaped by years of military service, a background in science, and a desire to meet the rising challenges of national security in a tense world.”

Read more about MAJ Mattoon’s career and time at GMU here.

WHO Shrinking Geneva HQ Divisions

As part of WHO’s reorganization, it has been announced that the organization will shrink its program divisions even more than previously thought, from ten down to four. The revamped structure will include health systems as a key pillar, while disease control departments and preventative health teams (including health promotion and environment, climate, and health) all falling under one division-Health Promotion, Disease Prevention & Control. The other divisions will be Business Operations and Compliance and Health Emergency Preparedness & Response. It remains unclear how many staff members at WHO headquarters will be cut.

Trump Administration Updates

Administration Backs Lab Leak SARS-CoV-2 Origin Theory

The administration has now set covid.gov and covidtests.gov, websites which once provided information about the COVID-19 pandemic and access to at-home test kits, to redirect to a White House webpage dedicated to the lab leak origin theory of SARS-CoV-2. This theory remains unsupported by direct evidence and has split the Intelligence Community, with three agencies supporting it (two with low confidence and one with moderate confidence). The White House has begun describing it as a “confirmable truth” despite these unresolved issues.

Angela Rasmussen, a virologist at the University of Saskatchewan in Canada, said of the new page and its five bulleted claims “Every one of the five pieces of evidence supporting the lab leak hypothesis … is factually incorrect, embellished, or presented in a misleading way…But making evidence-based arguments in good faith about the pandemic’s origin is not the purpose of this document. This is pure propaganda, intended to justify the systematic devastation of the federal government, particularly programs devoted to public health and biomedical research.”

Congressional Republicans have long since backed this theory, relying heavily on everything from discredited translations of documents from the Wuhan Institute of Virology and heavy politicization of mitigation measures and figures like Anthony Fauci, the former NIAID director, who is singled out on the White House’s new webpage. The site also states “Public health officials often mislead the American people through conflicting messaging, knee-jerk reactions, and a lack of transparency,” providing unusual commentary about a federal public health response that was launched under President Trump.

DOGE Has Access to 19 HHS Systems

According to a court filing, the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) has access to 19 different sensitive information systems and databases within HHS. The filing was submitted as part of the discovery process of a lawsuit filed by the American Federation of Labor and the Congress of Industrial Organizations against the federal government. HHS did not disclose DOGE access to nine of these systems. The systems include PHI and are at CMS, NIH, Office of the Secretary, CDC, ACF, and HRSA.

In related news, FDA databases that physicians, public health experts, and others in healthcare and allied health fields depend on for drug safety and manufacturing information are being neglected because of DOGE-directed layoffs. This creates dangerous blind spots with providers left without access to basic information about the drugs they are prescribing. Affected databases include FDA-Approved Drugs, the National Drug Code Directory, and the Drug Registration and Listing Database.

CDC Reviewing Vaccine Guidelines

The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, a CDC advisory panel, met last week to discuss potential changes to immunization recommendations. This meeting was previously postponed following RFK Jr.’s confirmation in February. Changes are being considered for vaccines for COVID-19, RSV, HPV, and other infectious diseases. Proposed changes include limiting COVID-19 vaccine recommendations to only for adults over 65 and those with certain health conditions and reducing the number of recommended doses for HPV vaccines.

FDA Allegedly Preparing Plans to End Routine Food Safety Inspections, Claims to Pursue Artificial Dye Ban

Multiple federal health officials have told the media that the FDA is currently preparing plans to end most of its food safety inspections, with this work being outsourced to state and local authorities instead. The plans may need congressional approval before they can be enacted. An FDA spokesperson said in a statement, “The claim that the FDA is suspending routine food safety inspections is false. FDA is actively working to ensure continuity of operations during the reorganization period and remains committed to ensuring critical programs and inspections continue.”

The FDA already delegates some less risky inspections through contracts with 43 states and Puerto Rico, and it is thought some higher risk inspections would remain the responsibility of FDA under these plans. It is unclear what would happen to states and territories that do not have such contracts to conduct food inspections if these plans are enacted. The FDA milk quality testing program was suspended this week following massive jobs cuts across the agency, which have also caused staffing issues in the Office of Inspections and Investigations, including reducing the number of surveillance inspections.

The revelation of these alleged plans was followed later this week by an announcement from Secretary Kennedy and FDA Commissioner Makary that FDA will work to remove some artificial dyes from the US food supply (Kennedy also claimed “sugar is poison” during a press conference about this). Eight dyes are being targeted, including Blue No. 1 and No. 2, Citrus Red No. 2, Green No. 3, Orange B, Red No. 40, and Yellow No. 5 and No. 6. However, it remains unclear how Kennedy and the FDA commissioner plan to accomplish this. Thus far, Kennedy has only said that he spoke with major food manufacturers and that they reached an “understanding”.

Limited research does suggest that some people may be more sensitive to certain dyes and additives than others. However, no research suggests this is the case for every person, or even most people. Furthermore, requiring natural dyes in food manufacturing is expected to add up to 10% to manufacturing costs while potentially harming supply chains, a tough bite to chew in a country where food costs have risen nearly 24% between 2020 and 2024. These estimated impacts will be especially detrimental in food deserts, where the most vulnerable populations already struggle to access nutritious, affordable, and culturally appropriate food. This is all assuming that HHS somehow compels food manufacturers to adopt natural dyes across the board too, something that is unlikely to be done voluntarily.

Commissioner Makary also claimed during this press conference that requirements for using natural dyes in place of artificial ones is standard practice in Europe and Canada. This is demonstrably false. In fact, seven of the eight dyes listed by Makary are allowed in Canada and under EFSA regulations. Many European countries and Canada require disclosure of artificial dyes and other additives on food packaging labels, with the EFSA using a system of assigned digit codes on labels for different additives, which has not gone without its share of criticism. Meanwhile, the US requires these ingredients and all others to be named fully on food labels, typically requiring use of chemical names in doing so. Fear-based arguments about food dyes in the US and other food systems often depend very heavily on ignorance of food labeling standards and inaccurate assumptions about the US food system and its strict labeling regulations, as is clearly demonstrated in this case.

Hollow “understandings” reached with food corporation executives and non-factual claims about food labeling standards around the world will not help Americans. Further research on the health impacts of artificial dyes is warranted, though it is difficult to see how that will happen now that the administration has taken an axe to federal research programs. The much more acute threat to the US food system, however, is the dismantling of the guardrails and safety mechanisms that many have come to take for granted in this country. The US has enjoyed one of the safest food systems in the world thanks to the tireless work of inspectors and countless others at organizations like the FDA and USDA. This system and the practical, evidence-based leadership that built it are no more.

Further Reading:

• “In the Middle of a Hepatitis Outbreak, US Shutters the One Atlanta-Based CDC Lab That Could Help,” Chiara Eisner, NPR
• “What Science Says About Artificial Food Dyes Amid RFK Jr.’s Push to Ban Them,” Teddy Amenabar and Rachel Roubein, The Washington Post
• “No New Autism Registry, HHS Says, Walking Back NIH Director’s Claim,” O. Rose Broderick, STAT
• “Count the Dead by the Millions,” Tim Dickinson, Rolling Stone
• “Exclusive: a Nature Analysis Signals the Beginnings of a US Science Brain Drain,” Laurie Udesky and Jack Leeming, Nature
• “National Science Foundation Cancels Research Grants Related to Misinformation and Disinformation,” Sarah Scire, NiemanLab
• “The Cost of Defunding Harvard,” Atul Gawande, The New Yorker
• “Beyond Ivy League, RFK Jr.’s NIH Slashed Science Funding Across States That Backed Trump,” Rae Ellen Bichell and Rachana Pradhan, KFF Health News
• “In Ireland, a Global Hub for the Pharma Industry, Trump Tariffs Are a Source of Deep Worry,” Andrew Joseph, STAT
• “An ‘Americas First’ Foreign Policy Includes Global Health,” Bollyky et al., The Lancet Regional Health – Americas

Minnesota Legislators Propose Bill Classifying mRNA Vaccines as WMDs

Republican members of the Minnesota House of Representatives have introduced a bill that would classify mRNA vaccines as weapons of mass destruction as well as criminalize their manufacture, distribution, and possession. The bill, which its authors are calling the “mRNA Bioweapons Prohibition Act,” states that it would require state and local officials to enforce the ban, which extends to “any product that uses or contains messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) technology.” State Rep. Walter Hudson, one of the bill’s authors, says the bill “would need significant amendment to become law,” further stating it is a “bold opening position” in an effort to “provoke productive conversation about these issue” and to eventually “arrive at a reasonable legislative response.”

Further Reading:

• “mRNA COVID Vaccines Saved Lives and Won a Novel – What’s Next for the Technology?” Eli Dolgin and Heidi Ledford, Nature

Study Finds Measles Likely to Become Endemic in the US

Amid the largest US measles outbreak since 2000, a new simulation model published in JAMA this week predicts that measles may become endemic in the US once again within 25 years in the absence of a 5% higher MMR vaccination rate. Furthermore, it predicts a further 10% decline in MMR vaccination could cause 11.1 million measles cases in that length of time. A summary of the model and its implications is available here from CIDRAP.

Further Reading:

• “CDC Scraps Plan to Help Texas Schools Curb Measles Over Layoffs, Employee Says,” Alexander Tin, CBS News

“Dead Sheep Tell No Tales: Aum Shinrikyo’s Alleged Sarin Tests in Australia Never Happened”

Biodefense PhD candidate Chris Quillen recently published a new article titled “Dead Sheep Tell No Tales: Aum Shinrikyo’s Alleged Sarin Tests in Australia Never Happened” in the journal Studies in Conflict and Terrorism.  The article refutes the Australian Federal Police’s claim that Aum Shinrikyo tested sarin nerve agent in Australia killing 29 sheep by examining the circumstantial evidence offered at the time and updating it with new information.  While this story has been repeated continuously over the last three decades by numerous researchers, the evidence for these tests is so weak that Quillen argues it is time to stop claiming these tests happened.  According to this new research, Aum Shinrikyo did not produce or test sarin in Australia or in any country besides their native Japan.  Instead, the personnel, chemicals, and equipment present at the Aum-owned property were more consistent with their exploration and mining of uranium in a brief and ill-fated attempt to develop nuclear weapons.  The existence of this myth has warped both the threat perceptions around terrorist capabilities with chemical and, to a lesser extent, biological weapons and the government reactions to this threat.  The continued perpetuation of this myth only serves to reinforce these negative trends.  While Aum members have been found guilty of numerous crimes, sarin testing on sheep in Australia is not one of them.

“Choking, Shaking, Foaming at the Mouth: Syrians Recount Gas Attack”

Carlotta Gall and Saad Alnassife recount several weeks spent in the suburbs of Damascus with a team of reporters from The New York Times in this piece. The team interviewed survivors of chemical weapons attacks perpetrated by the Assad regime, as well as CW and war crimes investigators in the country.

“2025 Next Generation for Biosecurity Challenge: How Do You Define Bioweapons?”

Lauren Maynor discusses the BWC, the evolving biothreat landscape, and the Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition in this piece for NTI, writing in part “Fifty years ago, the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) was established to effectively prohibit the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling, and use of biological and toxin weapons. The biothreat landscape has significantly changed since the BWC was signed with today’s scientists able to leverage artificial intelligence and other advanced capabilities to engineer biological systems, increasing concerns about dual use risks. In the Ninth Annual Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition, NTI | bio and competition co-sponsors ask participants to examine this ever-evolving threat landscape and consider if it changes the definition of biological weapons.”

“Toolkit on Effective CBRN Planning and Response for Policymakers and CBRN Managers”

From UNICRI: “Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) incidents pose a significant threat to global safety and security. These events can result in devastating human, environmental, and economic consequences, while also undermining public trust and social stability. Effectively managing CBRN risks requires a coordinated and strategic approach—one that goes beyond immediate response to include long-term planning, capacity building, and interagency collaboration.”

“To address this need, UNICRI has developed the Toolkit on Effective CBRN Planning and Response for Policymakers and CBRN Managers. The publication is designed to support decision-makers—such as policymakers, emergency management officials, and CBRN managers—by providing practical, step-by-step guidance to strengthen national strategies for both planning and responding to CBRN incidents.”

“Accelerating the Use of Pathogen Genomics and Metagenomics in Public Health”

From NASEM: “Advances in genome sequencing technologies, like next-generation sequencing, provide powerful tools that have vastly improved the detection and classification of pathogens and disease outbreaks and support data-driven public health responses. In July 2024, the National Academies Forum on Microbial Threats hosted a public workshop to explore opportunities to advance the use of pathogen genomics and metagenomics data in the U.S. public health system. Speakers considered the application of these technologies to monitoring disease, characterization of emerging pathogens, rapid public health response to outbreaks, and biomedical research.”

“This Proceedings of a Workshop highlights the presentations and discussions that occurred at the workshop.”

“Cyber-Biosecurity Challenges in Next-Generation Sequencing: A Comprehensive Analysis of Emerging Threat Vectors”
From Anjum et al.: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has transformed genomic research and healthcare by enabling the rapid and cost-effective sequencing of DNA and RNA, surpassing traditional techniques such as Sanger sequencing. This technological leap has had a profound impact on fields including biomedical research, personalised medicine, cancer genomics, agriculture, and forensic sciences. With its widespread adoption, NGS has made genomic information more accessible, facilitating the sequencing of millions of genomes. However, the growing reliance on NGS has also brought significant challenges related to cyber-biosecurity, particularly the protection of genomic data against cyber threats such as unauthorised access, data breaches, and exploitation. Genomic data is inherently sensitive, and vulnerabilities in NGS technologies, software, data-sharing practices, and open-access databases expose it to risks concerning data confidentiality, integrity, and privacy. While NGS data plays an indispensable role across numerous sectors, research addressing the cyber-biosecurity of these technologies remains fragmented. Most existing studies focus narrowly on specific areas, such as microbial sequencing or system architecture, and fail to provide a holistic perspective on the security challenges that span the entire NGS workflow. Additionally, the lack of interdisciplinary collaboration between the biotechnology and cybersecurity communities further exacerbates these gaps. This paper seeks to bridge these gaps by thoroughly examining cyber-biosecurity threats throughout the NGS workflow. It introduces a tailored taxonomy specifically designed for NGS, aimed at increasing stakeholder awareness of potential vulnerabilities and threats. Key insights include identifying vulnerabilities at various stages of the NGS process—from data generation to analysis and storage—and categorising these threats systematically. The study highlights critical gaps in current research, underscoring the need for interdisciplinary collaboration between experts in biotechnology and cybersecurity. It calls for focused efforts to mitigate risks associated with unauthorised access, data misuse, and exploitation. Failure to address these vulnerabilities could result in severe consequences, such as breaches of medical confidentiality, ethical concerns, and the potential for misuse in malicious applications like genetic warfare or bioterrorism. By providing a comprehensive analysis, this paper advocates for intensified research efforts and collaborative strategies to protect genomic data and ensure its ethical and secure use.”

🎧 What We’re Listening To

Public Health on Call, Ep. 884, Why Biosafety Standards Vary Around The World

“News about HKU5, a new bat coronavirus with the ability to spread to humans, was met with concerns in the scientific community—mostly because of how the research was done. In this episode: Johns Hopkins virologist Andy Pekosz talks about the different levels of biosecurity in laboratories where scientists study some of the world’s most dangerous viruses, how these standards vary worldwide, and what that could mean for studying future viruses with pandemic potential.”

Listen here.

The Interconnect, Unlocking Biotech’s Potential

“In this episode of The Interconnect, Stanford University Professor of Bioengineering Drew Endy and CFR Senior Fellow for Global Health Luciana Borio discuss the future of U.S. biomanufacturing and how biotechnology innovations—including bioluminescent plants and next-gen vaccines—are becoming more a part of daily life.”

Listen here.

Biosecurity: Changing the Game, Ep. 3, The 100 Days Mission

“In this edition of Biosecurity: Changing the Game, Dr. Dinah Nasike and her guests discuss the 100 Days Mission – an ambitious initiative developed after the Covid-19 pandemic meant to ensure that vaccines, diagnostics and treatments are developed, produced and distributed within 100 days of a major disease outbreak.”

Listen here.

NEW: Discover the Pathogen Data Network

“Pathogens like the flu and Salmonella require global surveillance and research for effective public health responses. While FAIR and equitable data access is crucial, challenges include scattered data, diverse data types, and a lack of sharing frameworks. The Pathogen Data Network (PDN) addresses these issues by creating a global consortium and linked data ecosystem for infectious disease research and public health. Coordinated by the SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics with 12 international partners, PDN aims to cover genomics, transcriptomics, proteins, and more, funded by NIH NIAID BRC (U24AI183840).”

This overview and demo event will take place on April 29, 09:00 – 10:00 GMT-4. Learn more and register here.

NEW: Building Resilience: Enhancing Biosafety, Biosecurity, and Pandemic Preparedness

From Brookings: “The world just lived through the COVID-19 pandemic, with more than 7 million reported direct deaths globally, more than 775 million reported cases, more than 14 million indirect excess deaths, and likely millions more unreported deaths. At the same time, bird flu is currently spreading widely among birds and cattle herds in the U.S., increasing the likelihood for another potential pandemic. Despite the devastating effects of pandemics on people and economies around the world, most countries, including the U.S., seem ill-prepared for another pandemic, whether caused by a natural spillover, by a lab accident, or intentional misuse.”

“On April 30, the Center on Regulation and Markets will hold a public event to examine how we can become more resilient against biological threats by enhancing biosafety, biosecurity, and pandemic preparedness.”

“Viewers can join the conversation and ask questions in advance by emailing events@brookings.edu and on X @BrookingsEcon using the hashtag #BuildingResilience.”

This event will take place on April 30, 2-5:15 pm EDT. RSVP here.

NEW: Region 3 RESPTCs Special Pathogens Workshop

“Join the Region 3 Regional Emerging Special Pathogen Treatment Centers (RESPTCs) for a free, full-day, hands-on training focused on caring for patients with high-consequence infectious diseases.”
“Open to all experience levels—this workshop is geared toward Pennsylvanians but welcomes participants from across Region 3: D.C., Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia.”

This workshop will take place on May 7 from 7:30 am through 3 pm at the Greater Philadelphia Expo Center. Learn more and register here.

What Everyone Should Know About Bird Flu (H5N1)

From NASEM: “It’s been a little over a year since H5N1 avian influenza or “bird flu” was first detected in U.S. dairy cows, and many questions remain about the highly pathogenic virus.”

“In response, the National Academies’ Health and Medicine Division and Division on Earth and Life Studies are holding a special edition “Healthy Exchange” webinar series addressing the topic. The first webinar in the series, “What Everyone Should Know About Bird Flu (H5N1),” will take place on April 29, 2025. Subject matter experts will provide general information about the virus and explain how we got here, who’s at risk, and what’s at stake. ”

Learn more and register here.

NACCHO Preparedness Summit-Pathway to Recovery in the Aftermath of Disasters

From NACCHO: “The Preparedness Summit is the place for you to reenergize while gaining the knowledge, resources, and relationships necessary to prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. Join more than 2,500 attendees—who work in all levels of the government (federal, state, and local), emergency management, volunteer organizations, healthcare coalitions, and academia—to share best practices, build partnerships, advance your skillset, and take away innovative solutions and practical strategies to address the vulnerabilities in our country’s health security system.”

This year’s summit will take place April 29-May 2 in San Antonio. Learn more and register here.

Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense: “This Commission meeting, Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier, will be held on May 8, 2025. The focus of this meeting will be to provide the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense with a better understanding of how to strengthen international astrobiodefense and planetary protection efforts through: (1) current government astrobiodefense efforts; (2) new scientific and technological advances for astrobiodefense; and (3) collaborative efforts and public-private partnerships to improve astrobiodefense. More information will be provided as the event date approaches.”

This event will take place on May 8 from 10 am-3:40 pm ET in Washington, DC. Register here.

Assessing Research Security Efforts in Higher Education, A Workshop

“The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cordially invites you to attend a workshop to consider potential measures of effectiveness and performance, and the data needed, to assess research security and protection efforts in higher education by a range of Federal agencies.”

“The workshop will be held on Thursday, May 22, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM U.S. Eastern and Friday, May 23, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM U.S. Eastern at the National Academy of Sciences Building, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418.  A remote participation option is available.”

Learn more and register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

NTI|bio Hiring Program Associate/Program Officer, Global Biological Policy and Programs

“NTI – a global security organization driving systemic solutions to nuclear, biological, and emerging technology threats imperiling humanity – is seeking a Program Associate/Program Officer (title to be determined based on candidate experience) to join the Global Biological Policy and Programs (NTI | bio) team.”

“This position reports to the Vice President, or other senior manager, of the NTI | bio team. This is a full-time hybrid position, working a minimum of three days per week in our Washington, DC office.”

“NTI | bio is focused on reducing catastrophic biological risks, and we are working toward this goal by strengthening biotechnology governance; bolstering biosecurity in countries around the world; strengthening international capabilities to uphold the norm against bioweapon development and use; driving progress in global health security; and building the biosecurity field.”

Learn more and apply here.

Call for Experts: Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG)

From WHO: “The World Health Organization (WHO) is seeking experts to serve as members of the Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG). This “Call for experts” provides information about the advisory group, the expert profiles being sought, the process to express interest, and the process of selection.”

The deadline to express interest is May 5.

This week’s Pandora Report includes discussion of the WHO’s draft pandemic agreement, UN OCHA staffing cuts, more chaos and uncertainty at HHS, updates on H5N1, and more.

Center for Health Security launches One Health website

The Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security this week launched a new One Health website, providing a hub for tools and strategies to promote integrated and sustainable health solutions across human, animal, and environmental systems. Zoonotic diseases—those that jump from animals to humans—are driving many recent outbreaks. The One Health tools developed by our team help governments and academic partners strengthen disease prevention, detection, and response. These tools have been successfully implemented in seven countries, providing governments with adaptable methods for improving One Health coordination globally.

WHO Pandemic Agreement Moves Forward

WHO Member States have concluded negotiations and made significant progress on the draft pandemic agreement. The negotiations have spanned more than three years and have resulted in a proposal that aims to strengthen global collaboration on prevention, preparedness, and response to future pandemic threats. The draft will be presented at next month’s World Health Assembly (WHA). Negotiators failed to finalize a draft last year before the WHA because of long-standing disputes between low- and high-income countries.

Further Reading:

• “WHO Member Countries Agree On a Draft ‘Pandemic Treaty’ to Try to Avoid COVID-19 Mistakes,” Maria Cheng, AP
• “Negotiators Finalize Terms for the Pandemic Agreement,” Chloe Searchinger, Thing Global Health

OCHA to Cut Staff by 20%

The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) has announced plans to cut its workforce by a fifth, marking yet more crisis for the humanitarian sector. The organization faces a $58 million funding gap this year, prompting OCHA to look to reduce its workforce from 2,600 staff in 60 countries down to around 2,100 staff in fewer locations. Locations set to see a reduction in OCHA presence and operations include Cameroon, Colombia, Eritrea, Türkiye, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Zimbabwe. Furthermore, the organization will no longer have a presence in The Hague.

Hungary and Slovakia Claim FMD Outbreaks Are Related to Bioterrorism

Both Hungary and Slovakia have suggested, without evidence, that outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (FMD) in the countries are linked to bioterrorism. FMD is incredibly contagious in animals like cows, pigs, sheep, and goats, typically requiring culling of flocks and establishment of exclusion zones to prevent further spread. Because of threats to animal agriculture, these outbreaks are incredibly serious. However, neither country has provided evidence to support its claims of linkage to bioterrorism, and experts have speculated the virus was likely transmitted by accident.

RFK Jr. Continues to Make Controversial Claims

Secretary Kennedy continued to make inflammatory statements over the last week, including at a welcome event at FDA. Over the course of forty minutes, Kennedy claimed that the “deep state” is real, referenced the CIA’s MKUltra project, and accused the very FDA staff he was addressing of becoming a “sock puppet” of the industries they regulate. Kennedy later said “President Trump always talks about the deep state, and the media, you know, disparages him and says that he’s paranoid. But the deep state is real. And it’s not, you know, just George Soros and Bill Gates and a bunch of nefarious individuals sitting together in a room and plotting the, you know, the destruction of humanity.”

Sec. Kennedy, who formerly chaired an anti-vaccine activist group, even said “every institution that is created by human beings” is inevitably captured by powerful interests. He then urged FDA employees to take advantage of his leadership under which he promised “the Department of Health and Human Services would not be subjected to undue influence and would listen to “dissidents.”‘

Kennedy also said during his remarks, “Because of my family’s commitment to these issues, I spent 200 hours at Wassaic Home for the Retarded when I was in high school,” referring to the Wassaic State School for the Mentally Retarded in Wassaic, New York. “So I was seeing people with intellectual disabilities all the time. I never saw anybody with autism.”

Kennedy’s fixation on people with autism was further showcased this week during a news conference about a new report from the CDC that shows that rates of autism have increased among 8-year-olds. Over the course of these remarks, Kennedy claimed autism is not caused by genetics, instead insisting there must be an “environmental toxin” involved. Kennedy also claimed that autism “destroys” children, while also saying that autistic people do not hold jobs, write poetry, play baseball, or go on dates, appearing to lump anyone with autism into the group of those with high support needs.

Kennedy portrayed the report as evidence for what he describes as the “autism epidemic” while claiming that the condition is “preventable”. However, the very CDC report he was presenting states that this increase seen in certain communities “…might be due to differences in availability of services for early detection and evaluation and diagnostic practices…Another reason for differences in prevalence could be whether children have insurance coverage or meet eligibility criteria for access to early intervention services.”

This all comes after Kennedy set an arbitrary deadline to find what is “behind” autism by September. This fixation, combined with Kennedy’s anti-vaccine rhetoric and his obsession with the debunked link between vaccines and autism, paint a very grim picture for the future of the organization he oversees.

Further Reading:

• “Internal Budget Document Reveals Extent of Trump’s Proposed Health Cuts,” Lena H. Sun et al., The Washington Post
• “Women, Minorities Fired in Purge of NIH Science Review Boards,” Carolyn Y. Johnson, The Washington Post
• “Beyond Ivy League, RFK Jr.’s NIH Slashed Science Funding Across States That Backed Trump,” Rae Ellen Bichell and Rachana Pradhan, KFF Health News

Bird Flu On the Rise

By Meredith Fletcher, Pandora Report Managing Editor

Despite suggestions from California researchers, H5N1 shows no evidence of slowing down. This virus has a global threat potential, and American leaders are not doing enough work to slow it down. Bird flu continues to mutate in the direction of human to human transmission, starting in cattle and moving to domestic animals. As the HHS responds by allocating millions to the response, the federal government continues to fire scientists crucial to the efforts. While there is still no human transmission and public health leaders assure the public the risk remains low, scientists disagree and are urging for action. H9N2 (a subtype of avian influenza) also continues to rise, with three more cases appearing in China. These infections typically appear in children and cause mild to serious illness. Will we see the next pandemic with H5N1? Only time and mutations will tell.

Further Reading:

• “USDA’s $1B Bird Flu Plan Uses Money Intended for Schools, Food Banks,” Marcia Brown and Grave Yarrow, Politico
• “Can You Stop an Outbreak of a Contagious Disease?” Aatish Bhatia and Francesca Paris, The New York Times

“Fentanyl Should Not be Designated as a WMD. Period.”

Al Mauroni recently published this piece with West Point’s Modern War Institute, writing in part, “There are both legal and policy challenges in trying to regulate fentanyl analogues as chemical weapons and WMD. Let’s look at the legal aspects of the argument. The low lethal dose and high number of overdoses do not make fentanyl a chemical weapon under federal law. There are several federal laws that define what a WMD is, so that is a point of confusion in and of itself. The most applicable statue is 18 USC 2332a, which notes that a person who unlawfully uses, threatens, or attempts or conspires to use a WMD against any US person or property can face a significant prison term or even the death penalty. This includes any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious injury through the release, dissemination, or impact of a toxic or poisonous chemical. There is no limitation as to the amount of chemical or the amount of people injured, as one might expect from a mass-casualty event. This is usually the go-to law when the FBI investigates a terrorist WMD incident.”

“Congressionally Established Commission Lays the Groundwork to Maintain US Leadership in Biotechnology”

Kyle Wilgus discuses NSCEB’s final report in this piece from the Council on Strategic Risks: “With its rapid pace of development and biotechnology’s convergence with artificial intelligence, this report comes at a pivotal moment for US security. Leadership in the development of biotechnologies and the norms guiding their use are reaching a convergence point. Failing to significantly prioritize the biotech field risks forfeiting America’s leading role in this industry to China. The Commission’s timely report highlights this risk and lays out an action plan for ensuring and maintaining American dominance in biotechnology by out-innovating China…Moreover, the fact that the Commission came to an extensive number of recommendations that its members unanimously endorsed is extraordinary. This should give Congressional leaders and other US policy makers high confidence that taking these actions would meet with widespread support.”

“Containing Ebola in a Shifting World”

Syra Madad interviews Henry Kyobe Bosa in this piece for the New York Academy of Sciences’ Blog: “In a world confronted with a growing tide of infectious disease threats, the 2025 Sudan virus outbreak in Uganda serves as a stark reminder that epidemic intelligence must evolve from being reactive to anticipatory.”

“Increased human encroachment into wildlife habitats, and shifting global health funding landscapes, means that diseases like Ebola, once considered rare and geographically isolated, are emerging with greater frequency and unpredictability.”

“To better understand the shifting dynamics of this outbreak and its implications for the future of global health security, I spoke with Henry Kyobe Bosa, PhD, Uganda’s National Incident Commander for Epidemics. A distinguished public health leader, Colonel in the Uganda People’s Defense Forces, and seasoned epidemiologist, Dr. Kyobe has led responses to some of the most complex health emergencies in the region, including Uganda’s COVID-19 response and the current Sudan Ebola outbreak.”

“In this timely and sobering conversation, Dr. Kyobe shares firsthand insights into the evolving trajectory of this year’s Ebola outbreak, the innovations and tools Uganda is using to contain it, and the global lessons we must heed. Dr. Kyobe’s remarks have been lightly edited for clarity and length.”

“Global Partnership led Signature Initiative to Mitigate Biological Threats in Africa (SIMBA), a Driving Force to Advance Continental Biosafety and Biosecurity Initiative”

Africa CDC’s Yenew Kebede and Brown’s Wilmot James recently published this piece discussing the Signature Initiative to Mitigate Biological Threats in Africa (SIMBA), writing in part “The positive impact of SIMBA in Africa in strengthening health security is seen during outbreak response. During the recent MVD response in Rwanda, biosafety and biosecurity and sample transportation training was organized quickly using the training curriculum already available and trained experts were deployed immediately to support the response. SIMBA also brought positive changes on the implementation of IHR as seen in the changes in the scores in the recent joint external evaluation, an increase by 20% in Nigeria for example (unpublished data). The launching of the Health Security in Africa (HSPA) under SIMBA will help strengthen the early warning surveillance and leadership and coordination mechanisms. Continued investment is key in this continental initiative to strengthen key public health functions to mitigate the impact of biological threats in Africa.”

🎧 What We’re Listening To

Transmission Interrupted: Pathogens in Pop Culture: Fungal Pathogens and The Last of Us
From NETEC: “Could a fungus cause the next pandemic? If you’ve watched HBO’s hit series ‘The Last of Us’ or played the popular video game, then you may be familiar with the concept: a mass outbreak of an infectious fungus turns humans into zombies. But could the scenario played out in ‘The Last of Us’ actually happen in real life? Join hosts Lauren Sauer and Rachel Lookadoo and special guest Dr. Arturo Casadevall as they take a closer look at the science behind fungal pathogens and separate myth from reality.”

Listen here.

NEW: Assessing Research Security Efforts in Higher Education, A Workshop

“The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine cordially invites you to attend a workshop to consider potential measures of effectiveness and performance, and the data needed, to assess research security and protection efforts in higher education by a range of Federal agencies.”

“The workshop will be held on Thursday, May 22, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 4:00 PM U.S. Eastern and Friday, May 23, 2025 from 9:00 AM to 1:30 PM U.S. Eastern at the National Academy of Sciences Building, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC 20418.  A remote participation option is available.”

Learn more and register here.

Digital Technologies for Epidemic Intelligence

From ACHS: “How do risks change during an emerging infectious disease threat? Traditional surveillance methods demonstrate specific limitations when applied to complex or rapidly evolving outbreak situations. Newer digital technologies and event-based surveillance can provide early alerts, data from blind spots or novel ways to integrate data…Dr. Oliver Morgan, Director of the WHO Hub in Berlin, will discuss the potential applications and limitations of emerging digital technologies in strengthening multidisciplinary strategies for epidemic prevention, prediction, and preparedness.”

This webinar will take place on April 22 from 7-8 pm (GMT+8:00). Learn more and register here.

Advancing Biotechnology for a Secure Tomorrow

On April 24, MITRE and the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology (NSCEB) will host a conference that will explore the economic and national security implications of emerging biotechnologies. Join us to discuss the NSCEB’s final report and recommendations followed by a series of in-depth discussions on the promotion and protection of the US bioeconomy. Register now!

What Everyone Should Know About Bird Flu (H5N1)

From NASEM: “It’s been a little over a year since H5N1 avian influenza or “bird flu” was first detected in U.S. dairy cows, and many questions remain about the highly pathogenic virus.”

“In response, the National Academies’ Health and Medicine Division and Division on Earth and Life Studies are holding a special edition “Healthy Exchange” webinar series addressing the topic. The first webinar in the series, “What Everyone Should Know About Bird Flu (H5N1),” will take place on April 29, 2025. Subject matter experts will provide general information about the virus and explain how we got here, who’s at risk, and what’s at stake. ”

Learn more and register here.

NACCHO Preparedness Summit-Pathway to Recovery in the Aftermath of Disasters

From NACCHO: “The Preparedness Summit is the place for you to reenergize while gaining the knowledge, resources, and relationships necessary to prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. Join more than 2,500 attendees—who work in all levels of the government (federal, state, and local), emergency management, volunteer organizations, healthcare coalitions, and academia—to share best practices, build partnerships, advance your skillset, and take away innovative solutions and practical strategies to address the vulnerabilities in our country’s health security system.”

This year’s summit will take place April 29-May 2 in San Antonio. Learn more and register here.

Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense: “This Commission meeting, Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier, will be held on May 8, 2025. The focus of this meeting will be to provide the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense with a better understanding of how to strengthen international astrobiodefense and planetary protection efforts through: (1) current government astrobiodefense efforts; (2) new scientific and technological advances for astrobiodefense; and (3) collaborative efforts and public-private partnerships to improve astrobiodefense. More information will be provided as the event date approaches.”

This event will take place on May 8 from 10 am-3:40 pm ET in Washington, DC. Register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

NEW: NTI|bio Hiring Program Associate/Program Officer, Global Biological Policy and Programs

“NTI – a global security organization driving systemic solutions to nuclear, biological, and emerging technology threats imperiling humanity – is seeking a Program Associate/Program Officer (title to be determined based on candidate experience) to join the Global Biological Policy and Programs (NTI | bio) team.”

“This position reports to the Vice President, or other senior manager, of the NTI | bio team. This is a full-time hybrid position, working a minimum of three days per week in our Washington, DC office.”

“NTI | bio is focused on reducing catastrophic biological risks, and we are working toward this goal by strengthening biotechnology governance; bolstering biosecurity in countries around the world; strengthening international capabilities to uphold the norm against bioweapon development and use; driving progress in global health security; and building the biosecurity field.”

Learn more and apply here.

Call for Experts: Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG)

From WHO: “The World Health Organization (WHO) is seeking experts to serve as members of the Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG). This “Call for experts” provides information about the advisory group, the expert profiles being sought, the process to express interest, and the process of selection.”

The deadline to express interest is May 5.

This week’s Pandora Report includes news from the Schar School, updates on the chaos at the US Department of Health and Human Services, H5N1, and much more.

Biodefense Alum Promoted

Keith Ludwick, Biodefense PhD ’16, was recently promoted to Full Professor at American Military University, where he has taught for seven years.  He is a full-time doctoral faculty in the Doctorate of Strategic Intelligence program, teaching courses on technical policy concerning intelligence, cyber security, and artificial intelligence.  He serves as dissertation chair on numerous doctoral dissertation committees and as second reader for many others, mentoring students with research interests in artificial intelligence, cybersecurity, terrorism, and technology policy.  He is a retired Special Agent of the FBI and President/CEO of The Ludwick Agency, a private investigative and security consulting firm specializing in elder financial fraud.  His forthcoming book, Stop Scamming Me:  An Expert’s Guide to Living the Fraud Free Life, will be released in late Spring 2025.

Schar School Highly Rated for Homeland Security Graduate Program

The Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University was recognized by U.S. News and World Report as having the No. 4 graduate program in the country for homeland security in 2025, the eighth year in a row that the program was ranked in the top 10 nationally. This achievement was due in large part to the success of the Biodefense Graduate Program. The program has been active for twenty years and has over 400 alumni working in the public, private, non-profit, and academic sectors in the United States and around the world. The Schar School’s other graduate programs continue to excel as well, with all of its ranked programs placing in the top 50 nationally and the top 25 among public universities. Most notably, the public affairs program rose to No. 1 in Virginia, ranking 36th nationally and 24th among public universities. “Students choose the Schar School the strong depth of our faculty expertise and the opportunity to interact with thought leaders in various fields of policy and government studies,” said Mark Rozell, dean of the Schar School of Policy and Government. “These rankings reflect the rising reputation of the Schar School for high-quality degree programs that prepare students for success.” 

CEPI Launches New Biosecurity Webpage and Resource

The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) has launched a new webpage dedicated to biosecurity: cepi.net/biosecurity. This platform offers insights into CEPI’s biosecurity efforts, access to the September 2024 CEPI Biosecurity Strategy, and the new CEPI Biosecurity Implementation Plan for 2025–2026 that was just published. The CEPI Biosecurity Implementation Plan outlines 11 objectives categorized by strategic priority and provides details on CEPI’s planned activities, goals, and timelines for the next two years. CEPI has also revised its Third-Party Code, which sets forth principles and requirements for CEPI awardees across a range of areas, to incorporate biosafety and biosecurity.

NSCEB Report: US Close to Falling Behind China in Biotechnology

A recent report from the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology (NSCEB) finds that the US is dangerously close to falling behind China in biotechnology competition. The report further explains that such a change “would signal a global power shift toward China” in addition to calling for an additional $15 billion in new biotechnology funding to counter the PRC’s rise over the next five years, more than $1 billion of which would go to the Department of Defense.

Senator Todd Young, Chair of the NSCEB, said in a press release about the report, “The United States is locked in a competition with China that will define the coming century. Biotechnology is the next phase in that competition. It is no longer constrained to the realm of scientific achievement. It is now an imperative for national security, economic power, and global influence. Biotechnology can ensure our warfighters continue to be the strongest fighting force on tomorrow’s battlefields, and reshore supply chains while revitalizing our manufacturing sector, creating jobs here at home.”

Death by a Thousand Cuts Continues Across HHS

This week at HHS was characterized by the promise of yet more layoffs at NIH, court battles over medical research funding cuts, and even more funding cuts to universities. Also present were more odd claims from HHS Secretary RFK Jr., more critical programs found to be in jeopardy, and more calls for Kennedy’s resignation.

Kennedy Expresses (Limited) Support for Measles Vaccination, Says His Outbreak Response Should be “Model for the World”

A second child was killed by measles in Texas recently, as the outbreak continues to spread. The child was just eight-years-old, and had no underlying health conditions. The Texas Department of Health and Human Services reports that she died from measles pulmonary failure. Cases in Texas have surpassed 500, and New Mexico recently reported that a third county in the state is affected as cases have spread to Oklahoma, Kansas, and Mexico.

Secretary Kennedy, after attending the girl’s funeral, posted on his X account a statement that included, “The most effective way to prevent the spread of measles is the MMR vaccine.” However, he then followed that with claims that he has met with physicians “who have treated and healed some 300 measles-stricken Mennonite children using aerosolized budesonide and clarithromycin…” along with a photo of himself with the families of the two dead children. While on his trip, he also claimed that his response to the outbreak should be a “model for the world.”

Further Reading:

• “Why Measles Outbreaks May be the New Normal,” Teddy Rosenbluth, The New York Times
• “Response to Multistate Measles Outbreak Hampered by Unique Set of Challenges,” Deidre McPhillips, Neha Mukherjee, and Meg Tirrell, CNN
• “RFK Jr. Praises Measles Response in Texas, US by Making Comparison to Europe,” Jade Cobern, ABC News
• “US Measles Battle Hindered by Confusion Over Health Secretary Response,” Julie Steenhuysen, Reuters
• “Kennedy Offers Qualified Support for Measles Vaccination,” Teddy Rosenbluth, The New York Times
• “Anti-Vaccine Sentiment May Derail Vaccines Already Awaiting FDA Approval, Experts Fear,” Jacqueline Howard, CNN
• “154 Million Lives and Counting: 5 Charts Reveal the Power of Vaccines,” Heidi Ledford, Nature

Kennedy “Champions” Chronic Disease Prevention, Oversees Cuts of Key Research, Claims He is Unfamiliar with Health Program Cuts

Secretary Kennedy has frequently spoken of the “existential threat” of the United States’ chronic disease burden, promising to focus HHS’ efforts on addressing chronic diseases, even going so far as to propose a pause on infectious disease research to do so. It is interesting, then, that since his tenure began in February, he has overseen the elimination of key grants and contracts that directly addressed chronic diseases, including obesity, diabetes, and dementia, which are all among the country’s top health problems. However, Kennedy claims he is unfamiliar with these and other cuts.

In his first network TV interview since taking office, Secretary Kennedy discussed topics ranging from the MMR vaccine to major government funding cuts and healthcare costs with CBS News. When asked by CBS News’ Jon LaPook about massive cuts, including the $11 billion proposed cut to state and local health departments, Kennedy said, “No, I’m not familiar with those cuts. We’d have to go…the cuts were mainly DEI cuts, which the president ordered.”

When shown a $750,000 grant to the University of Michigan focused on adolescent diabetes that was cancelled, Kennedy said “I didn’t know that, and that’s something we’ll look at.” He also added that he could not speak to whether or not this should be considered a “DOGE cut” or not.

Kennedy later said of the Michigan grant, “I just, I’m not familiar with that particular study. But there’s a number of studies that were cut that came to our attention and that did not deserve to be cut, and we reinstated them. Our purpose is not to reduce any level of scientific research that’s important.”

Further Reading:

• “Trump Administration Eviscerates Maternal and Child Health Programs,” Jessica Glenza, The Guardian
• “How Will the Deep Cuts at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Affect Global Programs?” Fatma Tanis, NPR
• “RFK Jr. Cuts CDC Labs Investigating Outbreaks of STDs and Hepatitis,” Alexander Tin, CBS News
• “What Jobs Were Cut at CDC? Here’s a List,” Sophie Gardner, Politico
• “Health Leaders From Multiple Prior Administrations Sound Alarm Over CDC Cuts,” Lisa Schnirring, CIDRAP

Kennedy Promises to Find Cause of “Autism Epidemic” by September

Secretary Kennedy claimed in a cabinet meeting at the White House this week that HHS will “know what has caused the autism epidemic” by September. He said in part, “At your direction, we are going to know by September. We’ve launched a massive testing and research effort that’s going to involve hundreds of scientists from around the world. In September, we will know what has caused the autism epidemic and we’ll be able to eliminate those exposures.”

President Trump praised Kennedy for this September goal before speculating that the answer to reducing the number of autism diagnoses could be “you stop taking something, you stop eating something or maybe it’s a shot, but something’s causing it.”

While it is true that estimated autism rates have risen in the last two decades, this is largely attributed to better awareness, a broader definition of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and improved access to healthcare and services, allowing more people to be screened and diagnosed with ASD. Furthermore, it is unclear why Kennedy believes his agency will have an actual answer to this question by September.

Kennedy Blocked from VAERS

Peter Marks, the former head of the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, told the AP in an interview this week that, while he agreed to allow RFK Jr. and his team to read reports from the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), he refused to allow them to directly edit information in the system. Marks then told AP, “Why wouldn’t we? Because frankly we don’t trust (them),” using profanity “They’d write over it or erase the whole database.” Marks also told the AP that he did seek to work with Kennedy to address his concerns regarding vaccine transparency, but that he found the secretary on wanted “confirmation of his misinformation and lies.”

Further Reading:

• “Ousted Vaccine Chief Says RFK Jr.’s Team Sought Data to Justify Anti-Science Stance,” Liz Essley Whyte, The Wall Street Journal

APHA Director Calls on Kennedy to Resign

The executive director of the American Public Health Association (APHA), Georges C. Benjamin, issued a statement calling for the resignation of Secretary Kennedy this week. In the statement, titled “Secretary Kennedy and His Policies are a Danger to the Public’s Health,” Benjamin cited several of Kennedy’s actions since taking leadership at HHS, including staff cuts, the ouster of Peter Marks, funding cuts for state and local public health agencies, fatphobic comments the secretary made towards West Virginia Governor Patrick Morrisey, and more. Benjamin also wrote in part, “Americans deserve better than someone who is trying to impose his unscientific and judgmental view of public health and science. We deserve better than RFK, Jr. He demonstrated his incompetence in only a few weeks.”

Further Reading:

• “HHS Under RFK Jr.: Centralization, Corruption, and Censorship,” InfoEpi Lab

Center for Drug Evaluation and Research at Risk

Axios reported this week that, amidst the upheaval at FDA, the user fee system that funds review of new drugs, devices, and diagnostic tests is now at risk. Drug and device manufacturers spend billions annually in user fees to ensure that their products are evaluated in a timely fashion. However, Secretary Kennedy has described these fees as a sign of what he claims is “coziness” between the FDA and the industries it regulates. As it stands, 83% of the payroll for FDA’s Center for Drug Evaluation and Research is covered by these fees, meaning cutting these fees would almost certainly lead to furlough of these staff members. This is especially concerning as job cuts at HHS have already eliminated product review staff, jeopardizing timely conclusions in pending evaluations.

NIH Freezes Additional $250 Million in Federal Research Funding to Columbia

The Trump administration has frozen all NIH funding for research grants at Columbia University, cutting off $250 million to the private institution. This comes after the administration cut $400 million in federal funding to the university last month. However, after Columbia agreed to enact different reforms demanded by the president, it was thought there would be a reprieve. NIH is reportedly both blocking new funding and ceasing payments for work on existing projects. NIH will also require prior approval to access any existing disbursements.

US Foreign Aid Cuts Continue to Devastate

The administration has fired the remaining health officials who oversaw care for more than 500,000 children and 600,000 pregnant women with HIV in low-income countries. These teams managed programs that aimed to prevent newborns from acquiring HIV from their mothers and to provide effective treatment to those who are positive. These teams were eliminated last week. Many of those fired are now awaiting re-assignment to the CDC, according to the State Department and USAID. The programs are still funded by PEPFAR, but their future is uncertain with nobody left to manage them or disburse funds.

Further Reading:

• “What do Americans Think of Trump’s Foreign Policies?” Tiffany Wertheimer, BBC
• “The Global Fight Against HIV/AIDS, In Chaos,” The Washington Post
• “Aid Cuts Could Have “Pandemic-Like Effects” on Maternal Deaths, WHO Warns,” Kat Lay, The Guardian
• “One Preventable Death Every 7 Seconds During Pregnancy or Childbirth,” United Nations
• “‘Some of These Diseases Are in the Bible’: Despair as Cuts Halt Progress on Age-Old Tropical Illnesses,” Kay Lay, The Guardian
• “Improving the Global Health Workforce is a Bipartisan Imperative | Opinion,” Vanessa Kerry, Rabih Torbay, and Tina Flores, Newsweek
• “The Lessons Not Learned from COVID-19,” Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and Helen Clark, Foreign Policy

Tariffs Threaten Pharmaceutical Imports, Laboratories

Donald Trump’s tariffs and trade wars are threatening Americans’ access to pharmaceuticals, though the administration has excluded them from retaliatory tariffs for now. According to data collected last year by the IQVIA Institute for Human Data Science, generic medications make up 90% of prescriptions in the US, nearly half of which are imported from India. India exports about $9 billion in generic drugs to the US annually. In total, nearly 50% of generic drugs in the US are imported, leaving many concerned about further tariffs from the administration.

Trump’s tariffs are already impacting laboratories as the costs of labware and specialist scientific instruments continue to rise. This is especially troubling given the administration’s unprecedented budget cuts and grants cancellations. Drew Kevorkian, CEO of ARES Scientific which provides research equipment to many university laboratories, told Nature News, “We’re already doing quotes today that are 20% more than they were yesterday…I think almost everybody is going to see a price increase of some sort.”

H5N1 is Claiming Lives

By Meredith Fletcher, Pandora Report Associate Editor

As the Bird Flu continues to devastate the American poultry market, it is causing more devastation overseas, claiming two lives this past month. A 2-year-old girl from India’s Andhra Pradesh state died on March 15. Investigators say that there were no infections amongst her family and no infected poultry outbreaks nearby. The suspected source of infection is the raw meat she ate prior. On April 1, 2025, a 3-year-old girl in Mexico became the country’s first human case, after spending two days in critical condition. Her cause of death is listed as respiratory complications from H5N1. Of her family members, all have tested negative, and investigators continue to search for cause of infection. According to the World Health Organization, since January 2003, there have been 954 human cases of Bird Flu, and, of those, 464 cases were fatal, giving H5N1 a case fatality rate of 54%.

“Mpox Activity in Africa on Pace to Pass 2024 Total”

This article from CIDRAP discusses fluctuating mpox activity across different countries in Africa, explaining that activity in the region during the first three months of 2025 nearly reached 50% of all that for 2024. The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Uganda, and Burundi accounted for 95% of the confirmed cases in recent weeks. However, test coverage is low (18.4%) in the DRC now due to ongoing conflict, making it difficult to collect and transport samples, especially in light of foreign aid cuts.

“Dropping U.S. Biodefenses: Why Cuts to Federal Health Agencies Make Americans Less Safe”

Stephanie Psaki and Beth Cameron authored this article for Just Security, explaining how HHS is central to the United States’ biological readiness and what the devastating cuts across the organization likely mean for US security. They write in part, “HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. framed these changes as part of his “Make America Healthy Again” agenda, citing recent declines in life expectancy, while neglecting to mention that those declines were largely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Trump administration’s stated goals are to streamline HHS, save taxpayer money, focus more on chronic illness, and make HHS more responsive and efficient. It claims it can make these reforms without impacting critical services. In practice, however, the administration has cut essential funding that was helping states and cities prepare for outbreaks; reassigned leaders who were stopping biological threats in other countries from spreading; undermined the United States’ ability to quickly review and approve treatments and vaccines during an emergency; and disrupted essential work to create vaccines, tests, and treatments for dangerous diseases. These approaches do not make America healthy. They make America less safe.”

“A Call to Action for Global Health Security”

NTI’s Lauren Maynor, Sara Kaufman, and David Stiefel wrote this call to action for World Health Day, discussing the impacts of US funding cuts in the context of global health security, writing in part “These cuts are coming at a time when global health security has already proven to need more focused attention, including for epidemic and pandemic preparedness. In 2021, the Global Health Security Index (GHS Index) found that all countries remain dangerously unprepared for future public health threats. Recent actions taken by the U.S. administration will only further exacerbate this risk. Terminating research, dismissing world class disease detectives, and defunding capacity building can only lead to a less secure future with unnecessary loss of lives and livelihoods.”

“How to Stop Bioterrorists from Buying Dangerous DNA”

Steph Batalis and Vikram Venkatram recently published this article in The Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, writing in part “Along with new possibilities, however, the ability to custom-order genes also has the potential to open up new risks. Some DNA codes for genes from pathogens and toxins—sequences that could cause harm if misused. To limit such an outcome, experts from industry, government, and academia recommend screening orders and customers before filling an order.”

Politics and the Life Sciences Spring 2025 Issue

The spring 2025 issue of Politics and the Life Sciences includes two articles on the BWC: “BWC Confidence-Building Measures: Increasing BWC Assurance Through Transparency and Information Sharing,” and “Diplomacy Disrupted: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Russian Disinformation at the Ninth Review Conference of the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention”.

“Global Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Data Suite”

Markus K. Binder authored this START research brief: “This report highlights some core themes and insights drawn from the data speaking to VSNA (Violent Non-State Actors) and CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) threats and trends. The CBRN Date Suite is broken down into multiple component datasets. The VSNA CBRN Event Database records 593 distinct events across 106 variables covering the period 1990 to 2024 to breakdown events by country, motivating ideology, and year. The VSNA CBRN Actor Database is an actor (individual)-level database that brings together available open- source data on the demographic, educational, and experiential backgrounds of all identifiable individual non-state users and attempted users of CBRN weapons or devices. The Criminal CBRN Database documents events perpetrated by criminal (not terrorist) threat actors often employing the same agents as ideological threat actors, frequently with little or no regard for the potential to harm the public, or on occasion with the active intent to causing general harm, that would have otherwise been excluded from CBRN databases because of their lack of a criminal element.”

“Inspectors Say More Than 100 Chemical Weapons Sites Could Remain in Syria”

NYT’s Megha Rajagopalan reports on the suspected 100+ chemical weapons sites thought to still remain in Syria in this article. This has raised international concerns about the potential for these weapons to fall into the hands of terrorist organizations following the fall of President Bashar al-Assad’s regime in December 2024. As she explains, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons is working with Syria’s new leadership to secure and dismantle these chemical weapons to prevent their misuse, which experts are cautiously optimistic about.

“Douma City Marks the 7th Anniversary of the Chemical Massacre Committed by Ousted Regime”

This article from the Syrian Arab News Agency discusses the seventh anniversary of the horrific chemical warfare attacks against civilians in Douma. It also covers the current government’s commitment to justice and accountability, urging the international community to support these efforts as well as those to combat terrorism and CW use.

NEW: What Everyone Should Know About Bird Flu (H5N1)

From NASEM: “It’s been a little over a year since H5N1 avian influenza or “bird flu” was first detected in U.S. dairy cows, and many questions remain about the highly pathogenic virus.”

“In response, the National Academies’ Health and Medicine Division and Division on Earth and Life Studies are holding a special edition “Healthy Exchange” webinar series addressing the topic. The first webinar in the series, “What Everyone Should Know About Bird Flu (H5N1),” will take place on April 29, 2025. Subject matter experts will provide general information about the virus and explain how we got here, who’s at risk, and what’s at stake. ”

Learn more and register here.

NEW: CTD-SPECTRE 2nd Annual Symposium 

“The CTD-SPECTRE Symposium on Tropical and Emerging Infectious Diseases for Clinicians and Translational Scientists 2025 offers a unique opportunity to connect with global experts, gain cutting-edge insights, and collaborate with peers dedicated to infectious disease research and treatment.”

“Taking place September 16 -19, 2025, at the historic Grand Galvez in Galveston, TX, this immersive symposium will unite clinicians, translational investigators, and trainees to explore the latest breakthroughs in tropical and emerging infectious diseases.”

Learn more and register here.

Digital Technologies for Epidemic Intelligence

From ACHS: “How do risks change during an emerging infectious disease threat? Traditional surveillance methods demonstrate specific limitations when applied to complex or rapidly evolving outbreak situations. Newer digital technologies and event-based surveillance can provide early alerts, data from blind spots or novel ways to integrate data…Dr. Oliver Morgan, Director of the WHO Hub in Berlin, will discuss the potential applications and limitations of emerging digital technologies in strengthening multidisciplinary strategies for epidemic prevention, prediction, and preparedness.”

This webinar will take place on April 22 from 7-8 pm (GMT+8:00). Learn more and register here.

Advancing Biotechnology for a Secure Tomorrow

On April 24, MITRE and the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology (NSCEB) will host a conference that will explore the economic and national security implications of emerging biotechnologies. Join us to discuss the NSCEB’s final report and recommendations followed by a series of in-depth discussions on the promotion and protection of the US bioeconomy. Register now!

International Symposium on Transboundary and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases  

“The International Symposium on Transboundary and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases is designed to showcase many aspects of the partner institutions’ findings, to serve as a forum for scientists far and wide to present their own findings, and to interact and network extensively with partners. In addition, keynote speakers, each a well-recognized leader in a specific aspect of transboundary or emerging diseases, will present on topics to help guide the overall discussions. Abstracts are welcome for both oral and poster presentations.”

This symposium will take place April 28-30 in Manhattan, Kansas. Learn more and register here by April 4.

NACCHO Preparedness Summit-Pathway to Recovery in the Aftermath of Disasters

From NACCHO: “The Preparedness Summit is the place for you to reenergize while gaining the knowledge, resources, and relationships necessary to prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. Join more than 2,500 attendees—who work in all levels of the government (federal, state, and local), emergency management, volunteer organizations, healthcare coalitions, and academia—to share best practices, build partnerships, advance your skillset, and take away innovative solutions and practical strategies to address the vulnerabilities in our country’s health security system.”

This year’s summit will take place April 29-May 2 in San Antonio. Learn more and register here.

Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense: “This Commission meeting, Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier, will be held on May 8, 2025. The focus of this meeting will be to provide the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense with a better understanding of how to strengthen international astrobiodefense and planetary protection efforts through: (1) current government astrobiodefense efforts; (2) new scientific and technological advances for astrobiodefense; and (3) collaborative efforts and public-private partnerships to improve astrobiodefense. More information will be provided as the event date approaches.”

This event will take place on May 8 from 10 am-3:40 pm ET in Washington, DC. Register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

NEW: Call for Experts: Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG)

From WHO: “The World Health Organization (WHO) is seeking experts to serve as members of the Health-Security Interface Technical Advisory Group (HSI-TAG). This “Call for experts” provides information about the advisory group, the expert profiles being sought, the process to express interest, and the process of selection.”

The deadline to express interest is May 5.

Ninth Annual Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition Open for Applications

From NTI|bio: “The Ninth Annual Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition is now open. NTI | bio hosts this competition to provide a platform for the next generation of global leaders in biosecurity to develop original concepts and share them with the wider biosecurity community. This year’s co-sponsors include 80,000 Hours, CBWNet, the iGEM Foundation, the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), the International Biosecurity and Biosafety Initiative for Science (IBBIS), the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), and Women of Color Advancing Peace, Security, and Conflict Transformation.”

“This year, the competition invites innovative and creative papers focused on how to define “biological weapons,” given the ever-evolving biothreat landscape. The full prompt is provided below.”

Learn more here.

NOFO, Addressing Agricultural Biorisk Evidence Base Gaps with Applied Research
“There is a global recognition that the current evidence base to inform laboratory biological risk management has gaps, and that biosafety and biosecurity policies are not always based on evidence.¹ This notice of funding will support the design and implementation of applied biorisk research to address evidence gaps in working with high-consequence veterinary and agricultural pathogens as identified during the RAV3N Biorisk and Biosafety Gap Assessment Workshop² or similar gap analysis like the WOAH working group agent specific biorisk gap analysis.¹  ERGP is seeking proposals that address one or more key focus area components listed below. Each proposal will go through an internal ERGP and external expert review. Successful proposals should address at least one of the three key focus areas and at least one component under that area.”

“This funding opportunity aims at the design and implementation of applied biorisk research to address evidence gaps in working with high-consequence veterinary and agricultural pathogens.”

“This work will contribute to recommended guidance on laboratory biosafety and agricultural biosecurity, using research techniques to evaluate the application and effectiveness in operational contexts. All proposals must make a clear experimental plan for how the applicant will test the application and outcomes of their focus area(s)/component(s) in their facility.”

Learn more and submit application by April 14 here.

This week’s Pandora Report includes updates from the Biodefense Graduate Program, discussion of the last week’s happenings at HHS, H5N1 updates, and more.

Schar School Faculty, Students Participate in NIU Conference

Biodefense PhD candidate Chris Quillen presented his research at the Intelligence Studies Consortium’s 5^th Spring Conference on March 19, 2025.  Organized by the National Intelligence University, the Intelligence Studies Consortium brings together students from leading universities with intelligence-related programs including the Schar School at George Mason.  This year’s conference was hosted by Howard University and included panels and posters presented by students from George Mason University as well as Howard University, the Institute of World Politics, James Madison University, Marymount University, National Intelligence University, the University of Massachusetts-Lowell, and the University of New Hampshire.  The conference included three student panels on Strategic Intelligence and Great Power Competition, Emerging Technologies, and Violent Non-State Actors.

Chris’s presentation titled “Dead Sheep Tell No Tales: Aum Shinrikyo’s Alleged Sarin Tests in Australia Never Happened” was part of the Violent Non-State Actors Panel.  His research focused on debunking the allegations made by the Australian Federal Police that the Japanese doomsday cult Aum Shinrikyo conducted animal testing with sarin nerve agent in the Australian Outback back in 1993.  Despite forensic evidence indicating the presence of a sarin degradation product onsite, the bulk of the evidence indicates Aum lacked the requisite personnel, precursor chemicals, and equipment to have developed and tested sarin in Australia at that time.

Faculty and students from the Schar School were well-represented throughout the conference.  Ellen Laipson, the Director of the Master’s in International Security degree program and the Center for Security Policy Studies, moderated the Violent Non-State Actors panel which included Chris’s presentation.  Adjunct faculty member James Danoy appeared on the “IC Legends” panel discussing his long career in the U.S. Intelligence Community.  Master’s in Public Policy candidate Yenting Lin also presented a poster on his research on “Social Media and Algorithms: Growing Far-Right Masculinities and White Supremacy.”

Chaos Intensifies at HHS

All is far from well in the Department of Health and Human Services this week. For starters, Secretary Kennedy, who pledged “radical transparency,” has shuttered much of the organization’s teams responsible for communications, media relations, and FOIA operations. There have also been massive layoffs across the whole organization (with the “help” of Elon Musk and AI, of course), shrinking the HHS workforce to 62,000, with many not learning they had been fired until their badges did not work in the security line when they arrived at their offices Tuesday morning. BARDA is reportedly merging with ARPA-H, the SAMHSA team at the Office of Population Survey has been completely eliminated, and many in senior leadership have been put on administrative leave as HHS looked to fire 10,000 employees on top of the 10,000 that took buyout or retirement offers. The entire situation can only be described as chaos.

Top Vaccine Regulator Forced Out

Last Friday, the administration pushed Peter Marks, who had served as director of FDA’s Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research since 2016, out of HHS, offering him the choice to either resign or be fired. Marks chose to resign, effective April 5. Marty Makary, the new FDA Commissioner, signed off on his removal as his first major act in office. This comes after HHS reportedly tapped a vaccine skeptic with a long track record of promoting false claims about connections between immunizations and autism to conduct a study of possible links between the two.

Marks wrote in part of his resignation letter, “My hope is that during the coming years, the unprecedented assault on scientific truth that has adversely impacted public health in our nation comes to an end so that the citizens of our country can fully benefit from the breadth of advances in medical science. Though I will regret not being able to be part of future work at the FDA, I am truly grateful to have had the opportunity to work with such a remarkable group of individuals as the staff at FDA and will do my best to continue to advance public health in the future.”

Office of Infectious Disease and HIV/AIDS Policy Eliminated

The HHS Office of Infectious Disease & HIV/AIDS Policy has been entirely eliminated, along with CDC’s Division of HIV Prevention. Furthermore, more than 200 federal research grants related to HIV and AIDS have been terminated. Both the HHS and CDC offices are reportedly being merged with a different program in HHS, but there are concerns about this given the distinct responsibilities each office has. Other cuts include the elimination of the Office of Health Equity, dissolving of the Birth Defects Center, cutting the National Center for Environmental Health’s Division of Environmental Health, and much more that is laid out here.

CDC Layoffs Threaten the Nation’s Health

Roughly 18% of the CDC’s workforce has been fired, amounting to 2,400 employees. The administration is still demanding that CDC cuts $2.9 billion of its spending on contracts, in addition to the firings, just two weeks after DOGE asked CDC to cut 35% of its spending. Those laid off include 25% employees of the National Center for HIV, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and Tuberculosis Prevention, and about 1/3 of employees at the CDC’s Injury Center. Furthermore, about 1/3 of employees at the National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion were fired, which is interesting given how much Secretary Kennedy says he cares about addressing chronic diseases in the US.

Jay Bhattacharya Removes NIH Chiefs from Posts

On his first day in office, NIH Director Jay Bhattacharya removed the directors of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities, and the National Institute of Nursing Research from their jobs and placed them on administrative leave. Some of the directors were offered reassignments to the Indian Health Service, the part of HHS tasked with providing medical care and public health services to Native American reservations and Alaska Native communities. This is an unprecedented move, as virtually all institute heads at the NIH remain in office despite administration transitions.

NIOSH and World Trade Center Health Program Gutting

John Howard, the longtime director of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), was suddenly fired along with hundreds of staff members at this already undermanned organization. In an especially disgusting development, the administration has, in slashing NIOSH, practically cut off the World Trade Center (WTC) Health Program. This program provides medical monitoring and treatment of WTC-related health conditions suffered by 9/11 survivors and first responders. The administration previously tried to reduce this program’s budget by 20% in February, but that funding was quickly restored after public backlash once it was reported this would limited critical research into cancers and illnesses in this population.

USA Today explained in their article on this update that, “When a firefighter is newly diagnosed with a 9/11-related disease, it must be certified by the World Trade Center Health Program before treatment can begin, said Andrew Ansbro, president of the Uniformed Firefighters Association of Greater New York. By cutting NIOSH staff ‒ including doctors ‒ new medical certifications and treatments can’t occur.”

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Slashed

AHRQ, a tiny agency dedicated to collecting survey data on US healthcare expenditures, experiences, and outcomes and funding research aimed at improving the safety and delivery of health care, has also fallen victim to the Trump administration. On April 1, the administration cut the agency and fired around 50% of its remaining staff (the agency once had close to 2,000 employees). It remains unclear why AHRQ was specifically targeted by the administration.

FDA Planning to Operate with Fewer Food and Drug Inspections

This week, around 170 workers were cut from FDA’s Office of Inspections and Investigations, according to CBS News, as part of HHS layoffs of more than 10,000 employees. While Secretary Kennedy said these layoffs would not directly cut FDA inspection staff, the agency’s remaining leadership is reportedly grappling with how to deal with major delays and disruptions caused by the loss of administrative and management staff who supported inspectors.

One official told CBS that one of the biggest impacts of these actions is that the office’s travel operations division is now gone. This division was responsible for tasks like booking flights and working with the State Department to secure translators needed for inspections of drugmakers and food produces abroad. Another official said of this, “As of yesterday, all front-line investigators will now be spending significant time processing their own travels and related administrative requirements, rather than spending that time in firms ensuring the American consumer is protected.”

Dallas Measles Clinics Forced to Close Amid Budget Cuts

Dozens of measles vaccination clinics in Dallas County, Texas have been shuttered following steep HHS budget cuts. The move, which was accompanied by the laying off of 21 county health workers, came following HHS’s cut of $11.4 billion nationwide in funding for local public health agencies. While the funding was originally allocated during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was being used in 2025 to help with other public health initiatives like prevention, surveillance, and testing of more diseases.

Last week, HHS Director of Communications Andrew Nixon said in a statement “The COVID-19 pandemic is over, and HHS will no longer waste billions of taxpayer dollars responding to a non-existent pandemic that Americans moved on from years ago. HHS is prioritizing funding projects that will deliver on President Trump’s mandate to address our chronic disease epidemic and Make America Healthy Again.“

This has caused mass layoffs and program suspensions at many local health agencies across the country, though a judge blocked the cut temporarily yesterday. Further actions are poised to cut $1 billion in grants to address mental health and substance use issues under the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Scientists, Health Groups Sue NIH Over “Ideological Purge”

A group of scientists and health groups filed a lawsuit against the NIH this week, arguing that an “ideological purge” of research funding is illegal and threatens medical cures. The suit aims to restore grant funding and end terminations at the organization, arguing that they violate NIH’s usual science-based review process, orders from Congress to tackle health equity and disparities, and federal regulations.

Further Reading:

• “Health Leaders from Multiple Prior Administrations Sound Alarm Over CDC Cuts,” Lisa Schnirring, CIDRAP
• “The CDC Buried a Measles Forecast That Stressed the Need for Vaccinations,” Patricia Callahan, ProPublica
• “Texas Never Wanted RFK Jr.’s Unproven Measles Treatment,” Nicholas Florko, The Atlantic

Chaos Continues Elsewhere in the Administration and Beyond

Administration Created Draft EO to Declare Illicit Fentanyl a WMD

The Secretaries of Commerce, Defense, Justice, and State reportedly received a copy of a draft executive order in which the president would designate illicit fentanyl a WMD. This seemingly echoes the contents of a bill filed in January in the House by Rep. Lauren Boebert of Colorado called the “Fentanyl is a WMD Act” that aims to “…require the Assistant Secretary for the Countering Weapons of Mass Destruction Office of the Department of Homeland Security to treat illicit fentanyl as a weapon of mass destruction, and for other purposes.” Similar efforts have been made by state-level Republican leaders in recent years as well.

The draft EO reads in part:

I hereby determine and order:

The flow of illicit fentanyl into the United States through illicit distribution networks has created a national emergency, including a public health crisis in the United States, as outlined in the Presidential Memorandum of January 20, 2025 (America First Trade Policy), Proclamation 10886 of January 20, 2025 (Declaring a National Emergency at the Southern Border of the United States), and Executive Order 14157 of January 20, 2025 (Designating Cartels and Other Organizations as Foreign Terrorist Organizations and Specially Designated Global Terrorists).

It later continues:

Section 1. As President of the United States, my highest duty is the defense of the country and its citizens. I will not stand by and allow our citizens to be poisoned by illicit drugs from other countries that are flooding into our country, having our law trampled upon, our communities to be ravaged, or our families to be destroyed. Accordingly, I declare illicit fentanyl to be a Weapon of Mass Destruction as defined in 50 U.S.C. Section 2902

Section 2. Within 14 days of the date of this order, the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall take all appropriate action, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to make operational recommendations to implement this order.

Al Mauroni recently wrote a post on his Substack discussing why this is both bad policy as well as incredibly flawed logic. As he explains, DOD is already dedicating time and resources to trying to justify developing countermeasures to fentanyl, despite it never having been used as a weapon in any conflict. Worse, he explains, this may be an attempt to justify military action, similar to what the US did prior to the invasion of Iraq in the early 2000s. Unfortunately, this modern example even includes Attorney General Pam Bondi waving around a block of fake fentanyl on stage, a sight arguably reminiscent of that of then Secretary of State Colin Powell holding up a model of a vial of anthrax while presenting on alleged Iraqi BW to the UN Security Council.

National Academies Scientists Call on Administration to Stop “Assault” on Science

2,000 top researchers, all of whom are members of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, published an open letter this week calling on the Trump administration to stop its “wholesale assault” on science in the US. In part of their letter, they plainly explain what is at risk beyond the livelihoods of researchers affected by funding cuts in the US, writing “If our country’s research enterprise is dismantled, we will lose our scientific edge. Other countries will lead the development of novel disease treatments, clean energy sources, and the new technologies of the future. Their populations will be healthier, and their economies will surpass us in business, defense, intelligence gathering, and monitoring our planet’s health. The damage to our nation’s scientific enterprise could take decades to reverse.”

Trump Administration Reveals Plan to Congress to ‘Abolish’ USAID

The Trump administration has finally outlined its plans to fully abolish USAID and merge what remains of it with the State Department. The administration plans to propose legislation that will formally “abolish USAID as an independent establishment” in its budget request to Congress for FY 2026, according to a Congressional notification sent last week. As USAID was created by Congress, Congress would need to pass a law to legally eliminate the agency, though it is unclear if the administration will wait for lawful congressional approval before moving forward.

In documents obtained by Devex, the administration reveals that it has cut $75.9 billion in programming, accounting for 86% of USAID’s programs, more than the 83% previously reported by Secretary of State Marco Rubio. Documents reveal the extent of what has been cut, including the United States’ $4 billion COVAX contract, $2.6 billion in funding to Gavi, $1.3 billion in funding to the Global Partnership for Education, and more. However, it is unclear how much of this funding has already been paid out.

WHO Proposes One Billion Dollar Budget Cut for 2026-27

The WHO has proposed cutting its 2026-27 budget by $1.1 billion down to $4.2 billion. The organization has also announced a plan to shed many jobs, citing a $600 million funding hole this year. The US was the largest funder to the WHO, providing $1.2 billion during 2022-23. The sudden loss of such a large contributor is a large part of the WHO’s financial woes, with the Director-General saying in an email to staff, “The United States’ announcement, combined with recent reductions in official development assistance by some countries to fund increased defence spending, has made our situation much more acute.”

Further Reading:

• “The Head of Africa CDC Thought News of a U.S. Aid Freeze Must be ‘a Joke.’ Now What?” Gabrielle Emanuel, NPR
• “Analysis: Tariffs on Canadian Drugs Will Strain US Supply Chain,” Stephanie Soucheray, CIDRAP
• “Tuberculosis is the World’s Top Infectious Killer. Aid Groups Say Trump’s Funding Freezes Will Cause More Deaths,” Issy Ronald, CNN
• “The Full Lethal Impact of Massive Cuts to International Food Aid,”  Saskia Osendarp et al., Nature
• “The USAID List of Terminated Global Health Awards – What Does it Tell Us?” Jennifer Kates, KFF

How Firing Scientists Amid a National Outbreak is a Bad Idea

By Meredith Fletcher, Pandora Report Associate Editor

Over the past three weeks Donald Trump has fired over 25,000 federal employees across 18 different agencies, including the National Parks, the FDA and HHS. Nearly half a dozen FDA senior veterinarians were included in that firing sweep. Of course, they worked on the bird flu outbreak. More specifically, they worked on determining the source of bird flu found in pet food, leading to recalls. Iowa Capital Dispatch reported that state officials echo the concern that these firings will threaten our ability to track and respond to the increasing bird flu crisis. Scientists also rely on federal labs to conduct their research, and the removal of funding puts all public health research at risk. Firing national scientists is a bad idea, simply put, because it ruins out ability to contribute to biosecurity, public health and medicine. RFK Jr. wrote on Twitter that the firing sweep purpose was to “realign HHS with its core mission: to stop the chronic disease epidemic and Make America Health Again…” As we learned through COVID-19, not preparing for infectious disease outbreaks leads to crisis.

“GMU Biodefense Alumni at Work: Tackling Antimicrobial Resistance at Wilton Park”

Jay Bickell, a Biodefense MS student, recently wrote this summary of three Biodefense PhD Program alumni’s (Jomana Musmar, Yong-Bee Lim, and Saskia Popescu) participation in a workshop at Wilton Park, Through the Kaleidoscope: Antimicrobial Resistance, Conflict and Security. Bickell writes in part, “At the Wilton Park AMR event, these three exceptional GMU alumni engaged with experts across diverse fields including philosophy, national security, veterinary medicine, cultural anthropology, and synthetic biology. A common reflection from all three alumni was the remarkable collaboration and kindness among attendees — a sentiment that clearly extends to Dr. Musmar, Dr. Lim, and Dr. Popescu themselves. Interestingly, the final Kaleidoscope report does not explicitly define the connection between its title and AMR, leaving room for interpretation. In a kaleidoscope, mirrors angled towards each other reflect objects within them, creating shifting patterns. Two people will never see the exact same pattern in a kaleidoscope because of slight differences in their viewing angles and the way the mirrors and objects are arranged. Similarly, AMR is an evolving challenge, with new complexities and solutions emerging as it Interestingly, the final Kaleidoscope report does not explicitly define the connection between its title and AMR, leaving room for interpretation. In a kaleidoscope, mirrors angled towards each other reflect objects within them, creating shifting patterns. Two people will never see the exact same pattern in a kaleidoscope because of slight differences in their viewing angles and the way the mirrors and objects are arranged. Similarly, AMR is an evolving challenge, with new complexities and solutions emerging as it is examined from the perspectives of different disciplines. The diverse expertise of Dr. Musmar, Dr. Lim, and Dr. Popescu, spanning policy, biosecurity, public health, and more, reflects the creativity needed to tackle AMR, and how interdisciplinary collaboration is shaping the evolving landscape of health security.”

“Ready or Not 2025: Protecting the Public’s Health from Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism”

From Trust for America’s Health: “As the Nation grapples with a multistate measles outbreak, bird flu, and an increasing number and intensity of weather-related events this annual TFAH report measures states’ preparedness for public health emergencies and makes recommendations to strengthen the nation’s public health system and improve emergency readiness.”

“Oversight of Gain-of-Function Research with Pathogens: Issues for Congress”

Todd Kuiken recently authored this CRS paper outlining considerations for members of Congress regarding GoF research, explaining in part, “Congress may be faced with competing and, in some instances, conflicting national and international priorities when weighing options addressing the risks and benefits of GOF and life sciences research more broadly. Determining whether changes to U.S. biosafety and biosecurity policies are necessary to minimize risks, maximize benefits, and better incorporate and address stakeholder concerns involves weighing complex and intertwined policy issues. Experts on each side invoke the public’s well-being as reasoning for their positions.”

“DNA as a Power Tool in Hybrid Warfare”

This article from the Swedish Defence University discusses the Greyzone Genomics research project and how it is analyzing the likelihood of new hybrid warfare methods based on genetic technology emerging in the near future.

“Working Paper on Norm Contestation in the CW Prohibition Regime”

From CBWNet: “The new working paper by Alexander Kelle analyzes the evolving debate over non-transfer and international cooperation norms in the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC). The paper tracks how states, particularly the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and developed nations, have contested these norms across CWC Review Conferences. While NAM states push for stronger international cooperation, developed countries prioritize non-proliferation obligations, such as export controls. The research highlights persistent divisions and their impact on global chemical weapons governance, predicting that conflicting norm interpretations may persist for the foreseeable future.”

“Working Paper on the Role of Industry on Norms against CW and BW”

From CBWNet: “The new working paper by Ralf Trapp explores the crucial role of industry in the implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). The paper highlights how industry engagement has shaped CWC negotiations, compliance measures, and verification mechanisms. As discussions on strengthening the BWC advance, the paper underscores the need for greater industry involvement to address evolving security challenges while balancing regulatory and business interests.”

“New Hope for the Destruction of Syria’s Chemical Weapons”

“CBNW Magazine Editor Patrick Norén tracks developments in addressing Syria’s chemical weapons program since the fall of Bashar al-Assad in December 2024.”

“Cross-Platform Multilingual Campaign Amplifies Biolabs Conspiracy Targeting US an Armenia”

Sopo Gelava discusses a Kremlin disinformation campaign in this piece for DFR Lab, writing in part “A cross-platform, multilingual campaign claims the United States is running secret biological experiments in Armenia. The campaign spread on Kremlin-aligned news websites, Telegram, and X. Actors in this campaign cited an article published on the English-language website mynews24.co.uk. The article, titled “Unveiling Washington’s Secret Biolab Experiments in Armenia,” was published on February 14, 2025, by Oliver Evans; the DFRLab could not verify the author’s identity.”

What We’re Listening To 🎧

The Ongoing Transformation: The Rise of Deadly Fungal Pathogens

“Fungi are ubiquitous in nature—in fact, you’re likely breathing in fungal spores as you read this. Most fungi are harmless to healthy people. But changes in the global climate, in human settlement patterns, and even in our own body temperatures have made fungal pathogens an increasing health threat.”

“On this episode, host Jason Lloyd interviews Angel Desai, an infectious disease specialist and associate professor at the University of California Davis Medical Center. Desai and George R. Thompson III cowrote “Foiling the Growing Threat of Fungal Pathogens” in the Winter 2025 Issues. Desai discusses what fungal pathogens are, why they are becoming more dangerous, and how the public health community can respond.”

Listen here.

Tech, Policy, and Our Lives, The Next National Security Race: How Biotech is Rewriting Global Power

“A primer on the growing importance of biotechnology in the 21st century intended to be a complement to the upcoming final report of the U.S. National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology”

Listen here.

ICYMI: Fireside Chat with Dr. Matthew Meselson, a Catalyst of the Biological Weapons Convention

From Diplo Foundation: “This year marks the 50th anniversary of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) coming into force—a landmark achievement in global disarmament. At the heart of this historic milestone is Dr Matthew Meselson, a pioneering scientist whose work not only shaped molecular biology but also transformed arms control.”

Watch the event recording here.

ICYMI: 50 Years of the Biological Weapons Convention: What Comes Next?

From NASEM: “This event will reflect on the past 50 years of the Biological Weapons Convention, identifying key accomplishments, lessons learned, and insights that will guide the next 50 years. We will explore the evolving role of science and technology in shaping the future of the BWC and its relevance in eliminating biological weapons. Additionally, the event will highlight opportunities for innovation in nonproliferation, emphasizing the need to broaden participation across sectors, disciplines, and countries, and engage new experts.”

Watch the event recording here.

Digital Technologies for Epidemic Intelligence

From ACHS: “How do risks change during an emerging infectious disease threat? Traditional surveillance methods demonstrate specific limitations when applied to complex or rapidly evolving outbreak situations. Newer digital technologies and event-based surveillance can provide early alerts, data from blind spots or novel ways to integrate data…Dr. Oliver Morgan, Director of the WHO Hub in Berlin, will discuss the potential applications and limitations of emerging digital technologies in strengthening multidisciplinary strategies for epidemic prevention, prediction, and preparedness.”

This webinar will take place on April 22 from 7-8 pm (GMT+8:00). Learn more and register here.

Advancing Biotechnology for a Secure Tomorrow

On April 24, MITRE and the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology (NSCEB) will host a conference that will explore the economic and national security implications of emerging biotechnologies. Join us to discuss the NSCEB’s final report and recommendations followed by a series of in-depth discussions on the promotion and protection of the US bioeconomy. Register now!

International Symposium on Transboundary and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases  

“The International Symposium on Transboundary and Emerging Zoonotic Diseases is designed to showcase many aspects of the partner institutions’ findings, to serve as a forum for scientists far and wide to present their own findings, and to interact and network extensively with partners. In addition, keynote speakers, each a well-recognized leader in a specific aspect of transboundary or emerging diseases, will present on topics to help guide the overall discussions. Abstracts are welcome for both oral and poster presentations.”

This symposium will take place April 28-30 in Manhattan, Kansas. Learn more and register here by April 4.

NACCHO Preparedness Summit-Pathway to Recovery in the Aftermath of Disasters

From NACCHO: “The Preparedness Summit is the place for you to reenergize while gaining the knowledge, resources, and relationships necessary to prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. Join more than 2,500 attendees—who work in all levels of the government (federal, state, and local), emergency management, volunteer organizations, healthcare coalitions, and academia—to share best practices, build partnerships, advance your skillset, and take away innovative solutions and practical strategies to address the vulnerabilities in our country’s health security system.”

This year’s summit will take place April 29-May 2 in San Antonio. Learn more and register here.

Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense: “This Commission meeting, Astrobiodefense: Biological Threats and the Next Frontier, will be held on May 8, 2025. The focus of this meeting will be to provide the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense with a better understanding of how to strengthen international astrobiodefense and planetary protection efforts through: (1) current government astrobiodefense efforts; (2) new scientific and technological advances for astrobiodefense; and (3) collaborative efforts and public-private partnerships to improve astrobiodefense. More information will be provided as the event date approaches.”

This event will take place on May 8 from 10 am-3:40 pm ET in Washington, DC. Register here.

International Pandemic Sciences Conference

“Representatives from academia, industry, civil society and policy are invited to gather in Oxford, UK, and online from 30 June – 1 July 2025 for the International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025.”

“This year’s conference theme, Getting Ahead of the Curve, will explore how we can work together to predict, identify and control epidemic and pandemic threats globally. ”

“Over two days of plenary, parallel and networking sessions, stakeholders from different sectors and communities will have the opportunity to share ideas, experiences and strategies on prediction, early detection and control of pandemic threats. ”

“The International Pandemic Sciences Conference 2025 is hosted by the Pandemic Sciences Institute at the University of Oxford.”

Learn more, register, and submit abstracts here.

SBA.4 International Synthetic Biology and Biosecurity Conference in Africa

From SynBio Africa: “The SBA 4.0 conference will serve as a platform for fostering connections among industry, academia, community groups, and policymakers. It will showcase innovative applications of synthetic biology and AI, and highlight ongoing efforts in biomathematics, biomanufacturing, one-health, biosafety and biosecurity. It will also facilitate networking and information exchange. Key focus areas include tackling agriculture, health, environmental management, and industry challenges. In Africa, synthetic biology is poised to drive the national development agenda by promoting a sustainable bioeconomy, supporting health and agricultural systems, and aiding environmental conservation and restoration. This event will provide a vital opportunity for stakeholders to discuss and strategize the integration of synthetic biology innovations, address policy, legal frameworks, and communicate the benefits of the technology.”

This conference will take place July 23-25 in Kigali. Learn more and register here.

Ninth Annual Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition Open for Applications

From NTI|bio: “The Ninth Annual Next Generation for Biosecurity Competition is now open. NTI | bio hosts this competition to provide a platform for the next generation of global leaders in biosecurity to develop original concepts and share them with the wider biosecurity community. This year’s co-sponsors include 80,000 Hours, CBWNet, the iGEM Foundation, the InterAcademy Partnership (IAP), the International Biosecurity and Biosafety Initiative for Science (IBBIS), the United Nations Office of Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), and Women of Color Advancing Peace, Security, and Conflict Transformation.”

“This year, the competition invites innovative and creative papers focused on how to define “biological weapons,” given the ever-evolving biothreat landscape. The full prompt is provided below.”

Learn more here.

Blueprint Biosecurity Hiring

Blueprint Biosecurity, a non-profit, is hiring a Government Affairs Director and Project AIR Program Director. Both positions are based in Washington, DC. Read more about Blueprint Biosecurity’s work and the challenges this organization is tackling here. Apply by April 6.

Apply for the 2025 Youth for Biosecurity Fellowship

“The global norm against biological weapons cannot be maintained without the inclusion of youth voices in the multilateral discussions taking place in the framework of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Youth perspectives are key to create innovative solutions and generate long-term engagement. There are benefits to including the perspectives of young people from developing countries, where over 90% of the world’s youth reside.”

“Organized by the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs in Geneva, in partnership with key international actors that empower youth in science diplomacy and global biosecurity, the Youth for Biosecurity Fellowship provides a unique learning and networking experience in the framework of the Biological Weapons Convention.”

“Launched in 2019 as a Biosecurity Diplomacy Workshop, the Youth for Biosecurity Initiative organized its first fellowship in 2023. For the third edition, the fellowship will provide the opportunity for 20 competitively selected young scientists from the Global South to join an online interactive training programme prior to a field visit during the meeting of the BWC Working Group on the Strengthening of the Convention in Geneva.”

Learn more and apply by April 7 here.

NOFO, Addressing Agricultural Biorisk Evidence Base Gaps with Applied Research
“There is a global recognition that the current evidence base to inform laboratory biological risk management has gaps, and that biosafety and biosecurity policies are not always based on evidence.¹ This notice of funding will support the design and implementation of applied biorisk research to address evidence gaps in working with high-consequence veterinary and agricultural pathogens as identified during the RAV3N Biorisk and Biosafety Gap Assessment Workshop² or similar gap analysis like the WOAH working group agent specific biorisk gap analysis.¹  ERGP is seeking proposals that address one or more key focus area components listed below. Each proposal will go through an internal ERGP and external expert review. Successful proposals should address at least one of the three key focus areas and at least one component under that area.”

“This funding opportunity aims at the design and implementation of applied biorisk research to address evidence gaps in working with high-consequence veterinary and agricultural pathogens.”

“This work will contribute to recommended guidance on laboratory biosafety and agricultural biosecurity, using research techniques to evaluate the application and effectiveness in operational contexts. All proposals must make a clear experimental plan for how the applicant will test the application and outcomes of their focus area(s)/component(s) in their facility.”

Learn more and submit application by April 14 here.