Pandora Report 6.5.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights emerging biological and chemical threats, including a new report on toxin security risks, progress toward chemical weapons accountability in Syria, the potential return of New World screwworm to the United States, persistent challenges posed by highly pathogenic avian influenza and Ebola, and new efforts to strengthen governance of dual-use life science research.   

Promote the Antidote: Reducing the Risk from Toxins 

The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council has released a new report, Promote the Antidote: Reducing the Risk from Toxins, warning that biological toxins remain an underappreciated yet persistent national security threat. The report highlights the continued use of toxins by nation-states, terrorists, and lone actors, citing the February 2026 confirmation by European governments that Russian opposition leader Alexei Navalny was assassinated using epibatidine, a lethal neurotoxin derived from a South American poison dart frog. The Commission argues that toxin threats receive far less attention than infectious disease threats despite longstanding concerns regarding accidental contamination, criminal misuse, and foreign biological weapons programs. It also calls for closing policy gaps across the agriculture, defense, law enforcement, and public health sectors, which often operating in siloes, to strengthen national preparedness and response capabilities.  

The report builds on discussions from the Commission’s February 2026 meeting, “Pick Your Poison: The Enduring Threat of Biological Toxins,” which featured testimony from George Mason University’s Biodefense Program Director Dr. Gregory Koblentz. As previously reported in the Pandora Report, Koblentz emphasized that toxins may be better suited as forms of political signaling or tools of coercion as opposed to weapons of mass destruction, while warning that advances in science and technology may increase both supply and demand for these agents.  

Chemical Weapon Verification Breakthrough in Syria and Progress To Ending Chemical Weapons Impunity 

On May 26, 2026, Syria and the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) announced that the Syrian government had uncovered a cache of undeclared chemical weapons materials that had been hidden by Syrian President Bashar al-Assad from international inspectors for more than 12 years. According to the OPCW, “the findings include dozens of chemical munitions previously undeclared to the Organisation, including the same type of aerial bombs that were used in chemical attacks in Ltamenah in March 2017 and Khan Shaykhun in April 2017. Rockets were also found, of the same type as those that were used in the Ghouta chemical weapons attack in August 2013. ” Turkish media reported that 54 M4000 bombs, which the OPCW’s Investigation and Identification Team (IIT) had identified as the type used in the attacks on Ltamenah and Khan Sheikhoun, and 25 “Volcano” rockets, which were used in the attack on Ghouta, were recovered. Syrian state media published a picture of the M4000 bombs while Syria’s ambassador to the OPCW published a picture of one of the recovered Volcano rockets. In addition, Syria reported that the cache included precursors for binary sarin, hexamine (which Syria used as a stabilizer in its binary sarin weapons), chemical mixing and storage equipment, and thousands of pages of documents related to the former chemical weapons program. These materials were found at three sites “located in northern coastal and central areas of the country, broadly within a geographic triangle encompassing Hama, Homs, and Latakia” and consolidated into a single secure storage facility guarded by the Syrian miliary until the material can be verified and destroyed under the supervision of the OPCW. This achievement is a reflection of both the dedication of the Syrian government to uncovering the legacy of Assad’s chemical weapons program and the assistance provided by a coalition of partners under the Breath of Freedom task force. 

This find also provides a boost to efforts to hold former members of the Assad regime accountable for their use of chemical weapons throughout the Syrian civil war. The Syrian government  reports that it has 18 former high-ranking members of the regime linked to chemical attacks in custody. On May 20, 2026, the Syrian Mission to the OPCW, in conjunction with Australia, Germany, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, held a panel discussion titled Roles and Responsibilities in the Quest for Accountability After Chemical Weapons Use in Syria. The international meeting featured presentations by Dr. Yasmin Al-Nahlawi from the National Commission for Transitional Justice in Syria and Fadel Abdulghany, Executive Director of the Syrian Network for Human Rights. Mr. Abdulghnay’s talk was based on his recently published book, The Assad Regime’s Use of Chemical Weapons in a Non-International Armed Conflict, Russian Protection of It in the Security Council, and the International Community’s Failure to Prevent the Recurrence of Their Use. The first trial of a former Assad regime official for human rights abuses is already underway in Damascus.  

Did New World Screwworms Cross the Border? 

By Margeaux Malone, Pandora Report Associate Editor 

A suspected case of New World screwworm (NWS) has been identified in South Texas, just one day after the USDA confirmed a case 25 miles south of the border in Mexico. According to Texas Representative Don McLaughlin, samples were taken from two calves on a ranch in La Pryor, Texas, with one suspected infestation found in an umbilical cord wound. Although the preliminary test was positive, the samples now require confirmatory testing at a federal government laboratory before a definitive diagnosis can be made. The parasite, whose larvae burrow through the living tissue of warm-blooded animals, can potentially infest pets and people, though experts stress the risk to humans is low. Cattle, on the other hand, are not so lucky. Screwworm infestations can be fatal without treatment, and a confirmed U.S. outbreak could deal a significant blow to the cattle industry. Experts estimate a NWS outbreak in the U.S. could cause $1.8 billion in damages to Texas’ economy alone, and the reduction in cattle supply could cause beef prices to rise across the country. The parasite has been advancing northward through Mexico for over a year, despite millions of dollars spent by the U.S. government on sterile fly production facilities, expanded trapping efforts, and increased livestock surveillance. The U.S. has also kept its border closed to Mexican cattle imports since last summer as another precautionary measure. The USDA has already deployed personnel to the region and is working with local partners as testing continues. 

Egg Producers Question the Limits of Biosecurity 

For egg producers on both sides of the Atlantic, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has become a persistent and devastating reality. At the World Egg Organization’s annual business conference, held in Warsaw in late April 2026, egg producers from around the globe came to the same conclusion: biosecurity alone is not enough. Despite significant investments in biosecurity infrastructure, including shower-in facilities, vehicle disinfection systems, and laser deterrents for wild birds, major producers in both the U.S. and Europe have continued to experience devastating outbreaks. One Scottish producer noted the virus appeared deep inside barns near ventilation shafts, in locations that could not be explained by conventional contamination routes. Industry leaders in the U.S. continue to advocate for vaccination to protect domestic flocks. With over 330 million wild birds passing over U.S. egg farms during peak migration season, they argue physical biosecurity measures alone cannot reliably keep the virus out.  

Further Reading:  

IN OTHER NEWS 

Biodefense Policy, Strategy, and Governance 

Outbreaks, Epidemics, and Emerging Infectious Diseases 

AI, Biotechnology, and Future Risks 

Global Health Governance 

Chemical Weapons Threats 

Podcasts

Risk Management for Dual-Use Potential in Life Science Research  

The Public Health Agency of Canada, in collaboration with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency, is pleased to announce the publication of the Risk Management for Dual-Use Potential in Life Science Research guideline, on March 31, 2026. 

The Dual-Use Guideline provides comprehensive guidance on how to identify, assess, and mitigate the risks associated with the dual-use potential of research involving pathogens, toxins, or other biological material. 

The Dual-Use Guideline was developed in response to a growing international concern regarding dual-use potential in life science research and highlights a need to balance the advancements of scientific research with protecting the community and the environment from harm. It also touches on the biosafety and biosecurity risks associated with emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence, as well as international initiatives that aim to mitigate risks associated with dual-use potential. 

NEW: Wildlife Preparedness, Response, and Recovery – A Webinar Series  

From the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM): “Recent wildfire events have highlighted persistent gaps in how health systems and public health agencies prepare for, respond to, and recover from these incidents. The Forum on Medical and Public Health Preparedness for Disasters and Emergencies is hosting a webinar series to explore the health impacts of wildfires across the disaster cycle; and foster cross-sector dialogue to raise awareness, share lessons learned, and identify opportunities to strengthen health-focused preparedness, response, and recovery.” 

Upcoming sessions include: 

  • Webinar 2 – Response: Health System Response During Wildfires on June 8 from 2:00 PM – 5:00 PM EDT. 
  • Webinar 3 – Recovery: Wildfire Recovery, Adaptation, and Long-Term Health Impacts on June 15 from 2:00 PM – 5:00 PM EDT.  

Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Disaster Medicine Lecture Series  

From the University of Massachusetts: “The University of Massachusetts’ Disaster Medicine and Emergency Management Fellowship Program, in partnership with The National Center for Disaster Medicine and Public Health (NCDMPH), and American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP), will host the next installment of the Disaster Medicine Lecture Series. Featured presentations include: “Disaster Exercise Design and Facilitation: Pearls, Pitfalls, and Strategies for Success” presented by Dr. Ryan Hata, Director of Operational and Disaster Medicine, Atrium Health and “Mass Gathering Medicine” presented by Dr. Mick Molloy, Consultant in Emergency Medicine at Health Service Executive, Wexford General Hospital. 

This event will take place on June 16 from 1:00 PM to 3:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Ninth Session of the Working Group on the Strengthening of the Biological Weapons Convention  

From the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA): “We will convene the Ninth Session of the Working Group on the Strengthening of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Chaired by Ambassador Frederico S. Duque Estrada Meyer of Brazil, the meeting will bring together State Parties, international organizations, academic institutions, and civil society representatives to continue discussions on strengthening the Convetnion and advancing efforts to address biological threats. Public sessions will be webcast through UN Web TV, and side events are expected throughout the week.  

This event will take place from August 17-21 at the Palais des Nations in Geneva, Switzerland. Learn more and register by July 31st here.  

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Public Health Agency of Canada Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 

From PHAC: “The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) DIY Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 is the first gathering of Canadian DIY biologists and bioartists organized by PHAC since 2020. This summit will bring together these Canadian bio-innovators with PHAC biosafety and biosecurity experts to provide an opportunity to engage and discuss biosafety and biosecurity challenges and opportunities. The summit will also include a keynote presentation by an international DIY biology expert.” 

This virtual event will be held from June 10 from 10:00 AM – 2:35 PM ET. Learn more and register here. 

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

Training Course on ‘Biotechnology Innovation and Biosecurity’ 

From the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and the Biological Weapons Convention Implementation Support Unit: “This training focuses on strengthening capacities in biosecurity, biosafety, and biological risk management in the context of rapid advances in biotechnology with an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to manage biothreats at the intersection of humans, animals, plants and the environment. It addresses the governance, technical, and operational dimensions of preventing, detecting, and responding to biological threats, while promoting responsible and peaceful scientific research and innovation in accordance with article X of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).” 

This in-person event will be held from October 12 – 16 in New Delhi, India. Learn more and apply here. 

NEW: Senior Manager, Defense Partnerships – Job Opening 

From CEPI: “The Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI) is seeking a Senior Manager, Defense Partnerships to deepen CEPI’s partnership with security and defense partners in support of CEPI’s Biosecurity Strategy, CEPI 3.0 and the 100 Days Mission. Reporting to the Director of Biosecurity, the Senior Manager will lead CEPI’s engagement with key defense stakeholders in the Americas and Asia and drive new partnerships with NATO. The role will focus on strengthening strategic alignment across defense and health to accelerate 100 Days Mission/rapid vaccine development capabilities. The Senior Manager will work closely with CEPI’s External and Investor Relations Division, in particular the Country Leads within the Resource Mobilisation and Investor Relations Department.” 

Learn more and submit your application by June 7 here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 5.22.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights the Spring 2026 graduates and award recipients of GMU’s Biodefense Graduate Program, emerging developments in avian influenza surveillance, new research a One Health collaboration in Southeast Asia to prevent zoonotic spillover risks, and a spotlight interview on the Bio x AI convergence. We also cover the escalating Ebola outbreak in Central Africa and the growing challenges facing global outbreak response efforts amid public health funding cuts, alongside broader developments in biosecurity and global health security preparedness. 

Note: The Pandora Report will be on break next week.

(Left) At the Schar School of Policy and Government award ceremony, Chris Quillen, Gregory Koblentz, and Kate Groves celebrate the achievements of graduating students. (Right) In the group photo, adjunct professor Katalin Kiss is seated on the left with graduating biodefense students at the Schar School degree celebration.

On May 16, 2026, the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University (GMU) celebrated the graduation of another group of talented certificate, master’s, and doctoral students. The Biodefense Graduate Program is proud (and a little sad) to announce the graduation of Amanda Rose Bliss, Rebecca Denae Bower, Christine Ann Cherry, Maggie J. Engert, Sean Alexander Evans, Katharine Isobel Groves, Brenna Cecile Heinle, Lena Sophie Kroepke, William Gerard MacDonald, Hannah Elizabeth Miller, Shaela Marie Nestor, Samuel Dylan Richter, Mariangely Rivas-Ortiz, Jordyn L. Scott, Bridget Frances Sexton, Tyler Smith, and Matthew Stoffer with an Master of Science degree in Biodefense; Rachel L. Bowers, Michael Dickey Fleming, Miranda L. Smith, and Gabrielle Radoiu Wilde with a Graduate Certificate in Biodefense; and Andrew James Frohmiller, Ciara Emily Ivy, and Maya V. Pabilonia with a Certificate in Terrorism and Homeland Security.  

In addition, the Schar School recognized three Biodefense students with special awards. Bridget Sexton was this year’s recipient of the Outstanding Student for the Master’s in Biodefense for her ability to conduct multidisciplinary research, write clearly about complex technical topics, and provide policy-relevant analysis. Her aptitude for bridging the gap between science and policy will no doubt come in handy on Capitol Hill where she works full-time for a U.S. Senator. Kate Groves received the Frances Harbour Award for Community Leadership for her outstanding service as a Biodefense graduate admissions student ambassador while she was earning her master’s in Biodefense. Chris Quillen received the Outstanding Biodefense PhD Student Award for his dissertation, “Pick Your Poison: Explaining Terrorist Selection of Chemical and Biological Agents,” which used principal-agent theory to analyze how four major terrorist groups—the Rajneeshees, Aum Shinrikyo, al-Qa’ida, and the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria—decided which chemical and biological agents to acquire and use as weapons. Dr. Quillen, who completed his dissertation while working full-time as a contractor for the federal government, serves as an exemplar of the “pracademic” who conducts policy-relevant academic research while serving as an active practitioner in the field that the Biodefense Program and the Schar School aim to produce.  

Bird Flu Detected in Arctic Wildlife 

By Margeaux Malone, Pandora Report Associate Editor 

Norwegian authorities have confirmed Europe’s first case of bird flu in a polar bear, marking a concerning milestone in the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). The young male bear, approximately one year old, was found dead in mid-May 2026 on the Svalbard archipelago, a remote Arctic island roughly halfway between the North Pole and mainland Europe. The detected virus was the H5N5 subtype, the same strain identified in a dead walrus on Svalbard in 2023. Researchers at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute believe the virus was likely the cause of both deaths and are now investigating whether it has adapted specifically to mammalian hosts.  

The findings reflect a troubling trend as HPAI is increasingly being detected in mammals across Europe and in more remote parts of the world, with the Arctic now emerging as a newly vulnerable region. According to the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), between January 2025 and March 2026, approximately 140 million animals died or were culled across nearly 70 countries due to bird flu,  

Italy Launches Pilot Poultry Vaccination Program 

Italy’s Ministry of Health announced the launch of a pilot vaccination program against the H5 subtype of HPAI in May 2026, with the full participation of the poultry industry supply chain. The initiative targets farms in two provinces in the Veneto and Lombardy regions of Italy, focusing on meat turkeys and egg-laying hens, the most vulnerable poultry categories. 

The program uses European-approved vaccines and is supported by enhanced monitoring and traceability systems. Officials stressed that vaccination would act as an additional protective measure alongside, not in place of, existing biosecurity, surveillance, and control measures. The vaccination program aligns with the One Health framework, recognizing that reducing viral circulation in farm animals also lowers the risk of viral mutation and potential spillover into human populations. Italian officials hope the initiative will position the country among Europe’s leaders in innovative disease prevention and control, particularly for animal diseases with significant health and economic consequences.  

Further Reading:  

GMU Biodefense PhD Student Coauthors Paper on Zoonotic Spillover Prevention in Southeast Asia 

Carmen Shaw, a current PhD student in Biodefense at George Mason University, coauthored a new paper in Health Security examining how participatory social science approaches can strengthen One Health efforts to prevent zoonotic spillover in Southeast Asia. The article details a multi-year collaboration between the International Network for Governmental Science Advice (INGSA) – Asia Chapter and the U.S. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) that brought together experts across virology, wildlife conservation, epidemiology, biodefense, implementation science, and public policy to codevelop a regional guidebook on countering high-consequence zoonotic threats. Drawing on workshops and systems-thinking exercises conducted between 2022 and 2024, the author argue that participatory frameworks can help bridge disciplinary, linguistic, and governance barriers while improving local ownership of outbreak prevention strategies. The paper highlights how implementation science and collaborative stakeholder engagement can support more adaptive, context-specific approaches to pandemic prevention and global health security in a region facing growing zoonotic disease risks. Read more here.  

GMU BIOD PhD Alum Featured in Bio x AI Governance Interview Series with Federation of American Scientists 

Yong-Bee Lim, a graduate of the GMU Biodefense PhD program and current Associate Director for Global Risk at the Federation of American Scientists, was recently featured in an Instagram interview discussing the growing intersection of artificial intelligence (AI), biotechnology, and global catastrophic risks. In the latest installment of the “How Do You Govern the Future?” series, Dr. Lim explored questions surrounding AI-enabled biological design, genomic editing, democratized biotechnology, and the governance challenges posed by rapidly advancing emerging technologies. Drawing on his expertise in Bio x AI convergence, biosecurity, and emerging technology governance, the conversation examined how advances in synthetic biology and AI are reshaping discussions around security, risk, and the future of biotechnology oversight. Watch the interview reel here.  

 
IN OTHER NEWS 

Ebola Outbreak Emergency and Global Health Response 

U.S. Science Institution Changes & Research Policy 

Biosecurity, Chemical Weapons and Strategic Threats  

AI, Technology, and Emerging Security Risks 

Podcasts: 

NEW: ASPR Day on the Hill 2026 

From ASPR: “Join ASPR for a dynamic, hands-on demonstration of programs and resources available to prepare for, respond to, and recovery from disasters. You’ll discover how ASPR works alongside state, local, territorial, and tribal partners nationwide to strengthen national health security before, during, and after emergencies. Get to know the National Disaster Medical System, receive insights into investments in domestic manufacturing, view live demonstrations, experience interactive displays, and engage with the experts.” 

This in-person event will take place in Washington, DC on May 28 from 11:00 AM – 1:00 PM EDT. Learn more here and RSVP by emailing ASPRLeg@hhs.gov.  

NEW: 2026 State of the Science Address 

From the National Academies: We invite you to join National Academy of Sciences President Marcia McNutt for the third annual State of the Science address, to be delivered on June 2.  McNutt will discuss the status of the U.S. research enterprise, global leadership in science, and implications for economic competitiveness. The address will be followed by a panel discussion with other science leaders.” 

This hybrid event will take place on June 2 from 3:00 PM – 5:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop 2026 

From the MIT Lincoln Laboratory: “The focus of the 2026 Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop will be Preparing for Future Biological Effects. This two-day, in-person event will feature sessions highlighting the dual-use nature of biotechnology, building a resilient biosurveillance system, and developing broad medical countermeasures. The workshop will feature keynote presentations from leaders across the U.S. government highlighting critical national security challenges and opportunities created from advanced biotechnology and will also exhibit state-of-the-art research and innovations from the rapidly expanding biotechnology ecosystem. 

Government and industry leaders, national security experts, UARCs, FFRDCS, national labs, entrepreneurs, and academic innovators will jointly discuss and showcase how to rapidly transition biotechnology-enabled technologies into operational capabilities that effectively address critical national security challenges.” 

This in-person event will take place on June 2-3 in Lexington, MA. Learn more and register here. 

From the Ground Up: Federated Biodefense  

From the Atlantic Council: “The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council will host its latest meeting, surveying federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government roles, responsibilities and resources. 

Non-federal governments serve on the frontlines of biodefense. As the biological threat continues to grow, those officials who tackle this topic on a daily basis require reinforcement. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the impacts of changes in federal support for state, local, tribal, and territorial biodefense activities, as well as the biodefense roles, responsibilities and investments of non-federal governments. The discussions will also touch upon the personnel, policies and programs needed to bolster preparedness for future biological threats.” 

This event will take place on Thursday, June 4 from 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Further information and registration details to follow.

Public Health Agency of Canada Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 

From PHAC: “The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) DIY Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 is the first gathering of Canadian DIY biologists and bioartists organized by PHAC since 2020. This summit will bring together these Canadian bio-innovators with PHAC biosafety and biosecurity experts to provide an opportunity to engage and discuss biosafety and biosecurity challenges and opportunities. The summit will also include a keynote presentation by an international DIY biology expert.” 

This virtual event will be held from June 10 from 10:00 AM – 2:35 PM ET. Learn more and register here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

Training Course on ‘Biotechnology Innovation and Biosecurity’ 

From the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and the Biological Weapons Convention Implementation Support Unit: “This training focuses on strengthening capacities in biosecurity, biosafety, and biological risk management in the context of rapid advances in biotechnology with an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to manage biothreats at the intersection of humans, animals, plants and the environment. It addresses the governance, technical, and operational dimensions of preventing, detecting, and responding to biological threats, while promoting responsible and peaceful scientific research and innovation in accordance with article X of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).” 

This in-person event will be held from October 12 – 16 in New Delhi, India. Learn more and apply here. 

NEW: Frontier Biodefense Fellowship  

From Pivotal Research: The Pivotal Frontier Biodefense Fellowship is a fully funded, nine-week program designed to support emerging talent in biosecurity and pandemic preparedness. Hosted at the London Initiative for Safe AI from August 3 to October 2, 2026, the fellowship brings together researchers, policymakers, and entrepreneurs to work on high-impact biodefense projects focused on areas such as next-generation PPE, transmission suppression, and early-warning pathogen detection systems. Fellows receive expert mentorship, project management support, workshops with leading biosecurity experts, and a stipend in addition to covered travel, housing, and meals. The programs aims to strengthen the global biodefense workforce by supporting practical research outputs including policy reports, open-source tools, and scientific publications. 

The deadline to apply is Tuesday, June 2. Learn more and apply here. 

NEW: Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense – Fall 2026 Young Global Professionals Program 

From the Atlantic Council: “Young Global Professionals are an integral part of the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense team. This internship offers hands-on experience and exposure to areas such as program operations, research, critical thinking, communications, event planning, government and congressional education, and stakeholder engagement. Interns will gain insight into assessing biodefense capability gaps, while supporting key priorities and projects. 

The ideal candidate will demonstrate initiative, attention to detail, and a strong interest in biodefense programs and policies, along with the ability to thrive in a fast-paced, team-oriented environment.” 

This internship is based in Washington, DC and the deadline to apply is Friday, June 5. Learn more and apply here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 5.15.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights a rapidly evolving hantavirus outbreak abroad the MV Hondius cruise ship and the broader implications for global health security, outbreak reporting, and risk communication in the post-COVID-19 era. We also cover emerging concerns surrounding H5N1 transmission, biodefense and biosecurity developments, institutional preparedness challenges, and upcoming events shaping the future of pandemic preparedness and biotechnology governance.  

Hantavirus at Sea: A Test for Global Health Security 

By Alex Kyabarongo 

Alex Kyabarongo is a second-year MS Biodefense student from Uganda with special interests in global health security policy and biothreat reduction programs. 

On May 2, 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) received notification from the National  International Health Regulations (IHR) Focal Point of the United Kingdom about an outbreak with respiratory symptoms aboard a cruise ship in the Atlantic. Although the cause of the outbreak was initially unknown, cases were later confirmed to involve the Andes strain of hantavirus. As of May 13, the WHO reported 11 total cases, including 9 confirmed and 2 probable cases. Three passengers succumbed to the disease, with the first death occurring on April 11. Of the three reported deaths, two were confirmed positive for hantavirus. Epidemiological investigations are underway to determine the source of exposure that led to the outbreak. 

The cruise ship, the MV Hondius, operated by Oceanwide Expeditions, departed from the Argentine city of Ushuaia on April 1, 2026. Public awareness of the outbreak began on April 12, when a passenger released a video filmed during an onboard announcement regarding the death of an individual aboard the vessel the previous day, according to the operating company. The announcement triggered panic among passengers, prompting some individuals to disembark when the ship reached the island of Saint Helena in the south Atlantic. Those passengers subsequently travelled to several countries, including the United States, Canada, Turkey, New Zealand, Denmark, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Singapore, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. At this point, the WHO had not yet been formally notified of the outbreak, raising concerns about whether exposed individuals may have already travelled internationally while incubating the virus. Health officials have since initiated contact tracing efforts to identify those who may have been in contact with these passengers as they returned to their home countries.  

Hantavirus belongs to a family of viruses mainly spread by rodents. Transmission usually occurs when a person inhales aerosolized viral particles from rodent saliva, urine, or droppings. Hantaviruses generally cause two major syndromes: Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS), more commonly reported in Latin America and primarily affects the respiratory system, and Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome (HFRS), more common in Europe and Asia and primarily affects the kidneys. The current outbreak involves HPS caused by the Andes strain of hantavirus. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Andes strain has an incubation period of 4 to 42 days.  

Cruise ships can facilitate disease transmission because of close social interactions and shared environments. In the last two years, at least 4 major outbreaks have occurred on a cruise ship, including norovirus, Legionnaires disease, Salmonella and now hantavirus. Fortunately, the hantavirus has a relatively low basic reproduction number (R0), with limited person-to-person transmissibility and low pandemic potential. Following notification of the WHO, epidemiologists were dispatched to the cruise ship to investigate the outbreak while international contact tracing efforts continued for passengers who had previously disembarked.  

This outbreak raises several important questions regarding global health security. The first concern relates to the delayed communication from the cruise ship. According to the WHO IHR, a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) must be reported within 24 hours of confirmation. While hantavirus is not a PHEIC, its occurrence on a crowded cruise ship should have warranted reporting for prompt response, but it took three weeks for this to happen. The first death on the cruise ship occurred on April 11, yet the WHO did not receive official notification until May 2 and only communicated publicly about the outbreak through its Disease Outbreak News on May 4. By this time, several passengers had already disembarked and travelled internationally. Had this outbreak involved a highly transmissible pathogen, the delayed reporting and response could have posed a much greater public health risk. Consequently, this gap in information sharing was exploited by social media alarmists who amplified the fears surrounding the outbreak before official information became available, creating panic about the possibility of yet another pandemic like COVID-19. Much of this panic stemmed from the onboard video that circulated online following the first recorded death on the cruise ship.  

The effects of this misinformation became evident in Tenerife, one of the Canary Islands of Spain, where the cruise ship was planning to dock for the evacuation of the passengers. On learning about this plan, the residents of Tenerife staged protests as they opposed allowing the cruise ship to dock on their island for fear of being exposed to the virus. Their fears were ignited and amplified by social media panic about the pandemic potential of hantavirus and exacerbated by unrelated hantavirus cases that had been reported in Israel during the same week. Although these cases are not linked to the MV Hondius cruise ship outbreak, media reports and social media discussions increasingly correlated the two events, contributing to public anxiety. The residents’ fears and concerns were later debunked by the WHO Director-General, Dr Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus, who, in a written message, reassured the people of Tenerife that the evacuation process would be handled safely and that the local community would be protected. With this effort from the WHO in coordination with the Spanish public health officials, all passengers and some crew members have been evacuated, and the vessel is now heading to Rotterdam. The situation in Tenerife clearly shows how misinformation campaigns can fuel and exacerbate panic amidst public health emergencies.  

The Hantavirus outbreak on MV Hondius has revived memories of the early days of COVID-19, which also featured a high-profile outbreak on a cruise ship early in the pandemic. During the initial stage of COVID-19, uncertainty, delayed communication, and rapidly spreading misinformation contributed to widespread panic. While the current outbreak appears to have been contained, it has demonstrated that many gaps in national and global responses to COVID-19 remain insufficiently addressed, particularly regarding rapid reporting and risk communication. Such situations should remind us of the continuing vulnerabilities within the global health security systems. Although the Andes strain of hantavirus has limited transmissibility, the public reaction to the outbreak illustrates how quickly fear and misinformation can spread in an increasingly interconnected world still shaped by the memory of COVID-19. Therefore, we should recognize the importance of timely outbreak reporting, coordinated international response mechanisms, and responsible risk communication during public health emergencies. 

GMU Biodefense Director Quoted in Newsweek on Global Biolab Investigations 

Professor Gregory Koblentz, Associate Professor and Director of the Biodefense Graduate Program at George Mason University, was recently quoted in a Newsweek article examining the Trump administration’s investigation into more than 120 U.S.-funded biological laboratories operating in over 30 countries. In his comments, Koblentz cautioned that allegations surrounding these laboratories reflect broader Russian and Chinese disinformation narratives alleging U.S.-supported biological weapons activities in Ukraine. He also emphasized that efforts to politicize international public health and biodefense cooperation risk undermining scientific collaboration and distract from more significant biological and chemical weapons threats.  

CDC Confirms First Documented Cat-to-Human Transmission of Bird Flu 

By Margeaux Malone, Pandora Report Associate Editor 

Public health investigators have documented the first known case of highly pathogenic avian influenza A (H5N1) transmission from a domestic cat to a human, according to a report published May 7 in the CDC’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 

Between November 2024 and January 2025, 19 pet cats in Los Angeles County, California became severely ill after consuming commercially purchased raw milk, raw meat, or raw pet food. Nine tested positive for H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, the same strain responsible for most human H5N1 infections in recent years. Fourteen of the cats died or were euthanized. 

Investigators with the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health (LACDPH) and CDC identified 139 people exposed to the infected cats, including 11 individuals from five households, 126 veterinary staff from 10 hospitals, one animal control worker that transported the deceased cats, and one from a local health department. Although 30 people reported flu-like symptoms, none tested positive for H5N1 by PCR. In April 2025, the cohort exposed were invited to participate in a serologic investigation as part of an H5N1 survey. Of the 25 volunteers that underwent serologic testing, one asymptomatic veterinary professional showed evidence of antibodies against both clade 2.3.4.4.b B3.13 and D1.1 influenza A(H5N1) viruses. The investigators noted that this veterinary professional had not used personal protective equipment (PPE) over their mouth or eyes during the exposure, did not report flu-like illness after the exposure, and reported no other known risk factors for infection 

Public health officials emphasize the overall risk to the general public remains low but urge pet owners to avoid feeding cats raw animal products and recommend that veterinary professionals use appropriate PPE when treating animals with respiratory or neurologic illness that could indicate H5N1 infection. 

Further Reading:  

IN OTHER NEWS 

Hantavirus Outbreak News 

Public Health Preparedness and Institutional Erosion 

Biotechnology, Biosecurity, and Emerging Threats 

Podcasts:  

NEW: Delivering the 100 Days Mission: Progress, Transition, and What Comes Next  

From the International Pandemic Preparedness Secretariat: “​Join us at the World Health Assembly to take stock of what the 100 Days Mission has achieved so far, hear from country champions and partners, and shape the conversation on how the Mission continues after the end of the IPPS mandate in 2027. 

This in-person event will take place on Sunday, May 17 at 20:00 CET in Geneva. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Are we ready for the next pandemic threat?  

From The Independent Panel for Pandemic Preparedness and Response: “Six years on from the disaster of the COVID-19 pandemic, the world has made some progress to prepare for future health threats. The amended International Health Regulations are in force. The WHO Pandemic Agreement has been adopted. The Pathogen Access and Benefit Sharing Annex negotiations continue. Collective action still commands broad support. 

But is it enough? Words have not converted sufficiently to action. The hantavirus outbreak exposes some of the world’s vulnerabilities. Gaps in financing, accountability, and regional research and manufacturing capacity persist. Geopolitical shifts are reshaping international cooperation. Official development assistance from long-standing donors is contracting. And pandemic threats remain.” 

This hybrid event will be held on May 19, 12:30 – 14:00. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Training Course on ‘Biotechnology Innovation and Biosecurity’ 

From the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB) and the Biological Weapons Convention Implementation Support Unit: “This training focuses on strengthening capacities in biosecurity, biosafety, and biological risk management in the context of rapid advances in biotechnology with an integrated, interdisciplinary approach to manage biothreats at the intersection of humans, animals, plants and the environment. It addresses the governance, technical, and operational dimensions of preventing, detecting, and responding to biological threats, while promoting responsible and peaceful scientific research and innovation in accordance with article X of the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC).” 

This in-person event will be held from October 12 – 16 in New Delhi, India. Learn more and apply here. 

Responding to Today’s Gaps for Tomorrow’s Health Emergencies: 2026 Ready or Not Report 

From Trust for America’s Health (TFAH): “Join us for a Congressional Briefing and National Webinar on the latest information on public health emergency readiness and findings from TFAH’s recent report, Ready or Not 2026: Protecting the Public’s Health from Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism. 

The past year alone saw the U.S. facing the most severe flu season in nearly a decade, the highest annual measles case count since 1991, and devastating weather-related emergencies. In addition, these challenges occurred alongside deep federal staffing cuts and destabilized funding to the public health system. As TFAH marks its 25th anniversary, the webinar will review the highlights from this year’s report, which measures the nation’s readiness for public health emergencies through 10 indicators of state preparedness to respond to a wide spectrum of health emergencies and to provide ongoing public health services.” 

This webinar will be held on May 19 at 2:00 PM ET. Learn more and register here. 

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop 2026 

From the MIT Lincoln Laboratory: “The focus of the 2026 Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop will be Preparing for Future Biological Effects. This two-day, in-person event will feature sessions highlighting the dual-use nature of biotechnology, building a resilient biosurveillance system, and developing broad medical countermeasures. The workshop will feature keynote presentations from leaders across the U.S. government highlighting critical national security challenges and opportunities created from advanced biotechnology and will also exhibit state-of-the-art research and innovations from the rapidly expanding biotechnology ecosystem. 

Government and industry leaders, national security experts, UARCs, FFRDCS, national labs, entrepreneurs, and academic innovators will jointly discuss and showcase how to rapidly transition biotechnology-enabled technologies into operational capabilities that effectively address critical national security challenges.” 

This in-person event will take place on June 2-3 in Lexington, MA. Learn more and register here. 

From the Ground Up: Federated Biodefense  

From the Atlantic Council: “The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council will host its latest meeting, surveying federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government roles, responsibilities and resources. 

Non-federal governments serve on the frontlines of biodefense. As the biological threat continues to grow, those officials who tackle this topic on a daily basis require reinforcement. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the impacts of changes in federal support for state, local, tribal, and territorial biodefense activities, as well as the biodefense roles, responsibilities and investments of non-federal governments. The discussions will also touch upon the personnel, policies and programs needed to bolster preparedness for future biological threats.” 

This event will take place on Thursday, June 4 from 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Further information and registration details to follow.

Public Health Agency of Canada Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 

From PHAC: “The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) DIY Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 is the first gathering of Canadian DIY biologists and bioartists organized by PHAC since 2020. This summit will bring together these Canadian bio-innovators with PHAC biosafety and biosecurity experts to provide an opportunity to engage and discuss biosafety and biosecurity challenges and opportunities. The summit will also include a keynote presentation by an international DIY biology expert.” 

This virtual event will be held from June 10 from 10:00 AM – 2:35 PM ET. Learn more and register here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference 2026 – Call for Abstracts  

From INTERPOL: “The 2nd INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference brings together law enforcement and partner agencies, biosecurity experts, and academia from different regions and backgrounds to discuss the latest developments in global biosecurity. We invite biosecurity experts, researchers and scholars to submit an abstract, subject to a selection process, to present your work during the conference. The abstract should cover one of the following topics: global biological threat landscape, indicators and early-warning for biological threats, health and law enforcement coordination, forensics, biosecurity at borders, science and technology innovation, and legal, policy and information-sharing.”  

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 22. Learn more and apply here.  

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 5.8.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights Syria’s efforts to dismantle the Assad regime’s chemical weapons legacy, political violence and the targeting of healthcare systems in the Sahel, emerging research on new H5N1 transmission routes on California dairy farms, growing concerns about AI-enabled bioterrorism, and recent recognition of GMU biodefense faculty expertise in international security and counterterrorism.  

Thinking about Getting a Master’s in Biodefense? 

GMU’s Schar School of Policy and Government has an upcoming recruitment event:   

George Mason Facilitates High-Level Interview on Syria’s Chemical Weapons Legacy  

In the aftermath of its devastating 2011-2024 civil war, Syria faces the immense task of rebuilding not only its economy and infrastructure but also repairing public trust and state institutions. Among its most urgent and controversial challenges is addressing the chemical weapons program developed under former President Bashar al-Assad, whose regime’s extensive use of chemical weapons is widely viewed as one of the most significant challenge to the global nonproliferation regime in the 21st century. George Mason University’s (GMU) Biodefense Director, Dr. Gregory Koblentz helped facilitate a high-level interview with Syrian Ambassador to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), Mohamad Katoub, published by Arms Control Today. The interview highlights Syria’s pledge to comply with international norms, dismantle remaining stockpiles, and ensure accountability for past wrongs. 

Targeting Healthcare: Political Violence and State Delegitimization in the Sahel 

By: Melissa Skoog, MPH from Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth and GMU Biodefense Student.  

Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger, three landlocked countries in the western interior of Africa bordering the Sahara, collectively form the Central Sahel, a region that now accounts for more than half of all terrorism-related fatalities recorded globally, according to the Global Terrorism Index. As health systems collapse and aid organizations withdraw, available evidence suggests the conditions that enable disease surveillance, outbreak response, and civilian protection are undermined with them. The violence driving this collapse extends beyond conventional terrorist attacks. A calculated strategy appears to be underway to dismantle the relationship between state and civilian, using healthcare systems and the workers and organizations that sustain them as deliberate targets. They are targeted precisely because of what they represent: one of the state’s most visible presences in civilian life. 

The Scale of the Problem 

In 2023, the Safeguarding Health in Conflict Coalition documented at least 49 incidents of violence against or obstruction of healthcare in Burkina Faso, 41 in Mali, and 18 in Niger. These figures likely undercount actual incidents, as active suppression of reporting by junta governments has constrained data collection across all three countries. Nearly one in three health facilities in Burkina Faso has been impacted by violence, with hundreds closed or operating at reduced capacity. Médecins Sans Frontières withdrew from Djibo, Burkina Faso, in 2024 following sustained attacks on its health centers and offices and an operating environment that included kidnapping of aid workers, a significant development given the organization’s established practice of operating in high-risk conflict environments. 

Approximately 15 million people across the Central Sahel currently require humanitarian assistance. Healthcare system degradation has contributed to population displacement: Mali, Niger, and Burkina Faso collectively counted over three million internally displaced persons, refugees, and asylum seekers as of late 2023. Armed conflict has since expanded southward into Benin, Togo, and Nigeria. 

The Strategic Logic 

The armed group documented as targeting healthcare workers and infrastructure in the Sahel is Jama’at Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM), an al-Qaeda affiliated coalition formed in 2017 through the merger of four Salafi-jihadist groups operating across Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger. The group is designated as a Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States Department of State. Though designated as such, JNIM operates as a hybrid actor, using terrorist tactics while pursuing the territorial control and governance functions of an insurgency. Kidnapping of aid workers and Western nationals for ransom represents both a significant revenue stream and a direct mechanism for driving humanitarian organizations out of areas JNIM seeks to control. 

Research on insurgent behavior suggests that healthcare carries significance beyond its medical function. In communities with limited state presence, health posts often represent one of the most visible forms of government service delivery. Attacks on these facilities undermine the state and begin the process of transferring civilian dependence from the state to the insurgency. 

JNIM’s approach to healthcare workers and infrastructure has evolved over time. A 2025 study by researchers at FrancoPaix, the University of Sherbrooke’s conflict research center, analyzing JNIM activity across the three countries between 2022 and 2025 found a decline in direct attacks on healthcare workers alongside an increase in the group’s control over medical infrastructure through looting, abductions, and restriction of access. The researchers characterized this as a shift toward ‘co-governance’, using healthcare access as a tool of population control rather than simply denying it. 

This evolution from destruction to control is consistent with al-Qaeda’s documented strategic framework following the September 11 attacks. The 9/11 Commission and subsequent analysis documented how al-Qaeda’s transnational mass casualty strategy produced overwhelming military retaliation that dismantled its Afghan sanctuary and decimated its central leadership In response, al-Qaeda leader Ayman al-Zawahiri issued guidance to affiliates in 2013 emphasizing local embedding, civilian protection, and the pursuit of governance functions alongside military operations, a deliberate shift away from mass casualty attacks toward long-term insurgent governance. JNIM has been documented operating courts, collecting taxes, and providing dispute resolution services in areas under its influence, functions that carry particular weight in communities defined by complex ethnic and tribal dynamics where state arbitration has historically been absent or perceived as biased. 

JNIM is not the first al-Qaeda affiliate to weaponize healthcare access as a governance tool. Al-Shabaab in Somalia built parallel governance structures including healthcare provision while expelling state and Western aid organizations from areas under its control, sustaining an insurgency for nearly two decades that military pressure alone has failed to defeat. 

Critically, this targeting is not directed at any specific government or political configuration. JNIM has sustained this strategy across three changes of government in Mali since 2012, through military coups, and against both domestically administered services and internationally funded aid organizations. The target is state authority itself, including its local, national, and Western-backed expressions. 

The Junta Paradox 

What makes the Sahel crisis analytically distinctive is a second layer of healthcare restriction operating simultaneously of JNIM activity. The military governments that came to power in Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger between 2020 and 2023 have taken measures that researchers and humanitarian organizations say have further constrained healthcare access. 

Aid worker arrests have increased across all three countries, with The New Humanitarian reporting in early 2026 that arrests specifically targeted workers engaged in negotiating humanitarian access or documenting security conditions. In Burkina Faso, 21 NGOs had their operating permits revoked within a single month in 2024. New legal frameworks introduced in 2025 have expanded government authority over humanitarian operations. Armed escorts imposed on aid organizations, justified by the juntas as security measures, have been described by humanitarian workers as functioning primarily as surveillance mechanisms. 

The result is a compound restriction on healthcare access driven by two distinct actors operating through different mechanisms. JNIM restricts access through violence, capture, and control of infrastructure. The juntas restrict access through legal and administrative means. The UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs recorded 3,737 security incidents resulting in 9,362 deaths across the three countries between January and December 2025. 

Conclusion 

Available evidence indicates that attacks on healthcare workers and infrastructure in the Central Sahel reflect a deliberate pattern rather than incidental conflict violence. JNIM’s documented shift from destroying health infrastructure to controlling it suggests a strategic orientation toward governance and population administration consistent with al-Qaeda’s broader doctrine of local embedding and insurgent governance. The simultaneous restriction of humanitarian access by junta governments through legal and administrative mechanisms has compounded the effect on civilian populations. 

Alternative Sources of H5N1 Transmission Identified on California Dairy Farms 

By Margeaux Malone, Pandora Report Associate Editor  

A study published this week in PLOS Biology has identified new information about potential routes of transmission of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in dairy cattle. HPAI was first detected in dairy cattle in the United States in March 2024 and has since spread to 16 states. California, the country’s largest dairy-producing state, detected the first positive case in August 2024. As of September 2025, 771 California dairy herds have tested positive for H5N1.  Following detection of high viral loads in the milk of H5N1-infected cows, the persistence of H5N1 on milking equipment, and reports of infection in dairy workers following eye splashes with milk, the consensus has been that direct contact with unpasteurized milk is likely the predominant method of H5N1 transmission in cows. However, transmission routes between dairy cows and from cows to humans have been difficult to evaluate fully due to limited sampling data from affected farms. Seeking to address that gap, researchers led by Emory University sampled air, wastewater, and milk on 14 H5N1-positive California dairy farms, identifying several transmission routes beyond contaminated milking equipment. 

The study found extensive environmental contamination of H5N1 on the affected farms including in milking parlor air samples and farm wastewater at multiple sites on multiple days. Both small aerosols and larger particles were found during milking, with viral RNA detected in 21 of 35 air samples, four of which contained infectious particles. Viral RNA was also detected in the exhaled breath of cows, pointing to possible animal-to-animal airborne spread. Wastewater sampling found H5N1 RNA at each point of the reclaimed water systems, including in manure lagoons that are widely used by migratory birds and in fields with grazing cows. Two of these samples contained infectious virus particles, raising concerns about broader environmental and wildlife exposure. 

H5N1 antibodies were also detected in the milk of cows that had never developed clinical signs, suggesting subclinical infections in cows may be more prevalent than previously thought. Additionally, milk sampling from individual mammary gland quarters revealed a heterogeneous infection pattern across individual cows that is inconsistent with milking equipment as the sole mode of viral transmission. 

Altogether, the findings highlight that multiple routes of transmission and sources of infection of H5N1 exist on dairy farms that pose risks to cows, dairy workers, and peri-domestic wildlife like migratory birds. Elucidating the routes of H5N1 transmission is critical to developing successful mitigation strategies. Based on their findings, the team of researchers urge respiratory PPE for farm workers, disinfection of milking equipment between cows, wastewater treatment, and rapid identification and isolation of infected animals. 

Further Reading:  

GMU Biodefense Faculty Cited in The Economist on AI and Bioterrorism 

Sonia Ben Ouagrham-Gormley, Professor at GMU’s Schar School of Policy and Government, was cited in a recent The Economist article examining how advances in artificial intelligence (AI) could lower barriers to bioterrorism. The piece explores growing concerns that large language models (LLMs) trained on scientific and biological data may increasingly assist inexperienced actors in designing or troubleshooting experiments involving dangerous pathogens. Ouagrham-Gormley emphasized a central paradox in AI-enabled biological research: users who rely heavily on AI tools may lack the expertise needed to recognize when the systems are producing inaccurate or dangerously flawed guidance. The article highlights both the rapid advancement of AI biological capabilities and the ongoing debate over how to manage emerging biosecurity risks responsibly.  

GMU Adjunct Professor Featured in Mason Spirit for Counterterrorism Textbook 

Mahmut Cengiz, Associate Professor at GMU’s Schar School of Policy and Government, was recently featured in the Mason Spirit Magazine, highlighting his counterterrorism textbook, Typologies of Terrorist Organizations: Conceptual Lenses and Counterterrorism Measures,  developed in part for students of his course, BIOD 722: Examining Terrorist Groups, along with policymakers and practitioners alike. The article explores how Cengiz draws on decades of field research and global security expertise to help readers analyze the evolution, organization, and the tactics of terrorist groups in contemporary security environments.   

IN OTHER NEWS 

Pandemic Preparedness, Emerging Infectious Diseases, and Global Health Governance 

Biosecurity, Biorisk and Bioterrorism 

Science Governance, Public Trust and Politicization of Health Institutions 

NEW: Responding to Today’s Gaps for Tomorrow’s Health Emergencies: 2026 Ready or Not Report 

From Trust for America’s Health (TFAH): “Join us for a Congressional Briefing and National Webinar on the latest information on public health emergency readiness and findings from TFAH’s recent report, Ready or Not 2026: Protecting the Public’s Health from Diseases, Disasters, and Bioterrorism. 

The past year alone saw the U.S. facing the most severe flu season in nearly a decade, the highest annual measles case count since 1991, and devastating weather-related emergencies. In addition, these challenges occurred alongside deep federal staffing cuts and destabilized funding to the public health system. As TFAH marks its 25th anniversary, the webinar will review the highlights from this year’s report, which measures the nation’s readiness for public health emergencies through 10 indicators of state preparedness to respond to a wide spectrum of health emergencies and to provide ongoing public health services.” 

This webinar will be held on May 19 at 2:00 PM ET. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Public Health Agency of Canada Do-It-Yourself (DIY) Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 

From PHAC: “The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) DIY Biology and Bioart Summit 2026 is the first gathering of Canadian DIY biologists and bioartists organized by PHAC since 2020. This summit will bring together these Canadian bio-innovators with PHAC biosafety and biosecurity experts to provide an opportunity to engage and discuss biosafety and biosecurity challenges and opportunities. The summit will also include a keynote presentation by an international DIY biology expert.” 

This virtual event will be held from June 10 from 10:00 AM – 2:35 PM ET. Learn more and register here. 

Medical Leadership in Disaster Preparedness and Response: Virtual Conference 

From ASPR: “Are you currently responsible for the medical direction of a health care entity in the event of a disaster? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange (TRACIE) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) are pleased to cohost the second Medical Leadership in Disaster Preparedness and Response Virtual Conference.  

This half day virtual conference will bring together individuals who have a medical direction role during disasters to discuss the spectrum of medical leadership responsibilities and some of the specific challenges of the role. Topics will include: developing and implementing best practices during a disaster, navigating downtown, using data for action, new disaster medicine, and discovering health care surge tools.”  

This virtual conference will take place on May 11 from 12:00 – 4:30 PM ET. Learn more and register here.  

Biosafety Level 4 Zoonotic Laboratory Network: International Virtual Conference 

From the BSL4ZNet: “The BSL4ZNet bi‑annual international conference is a cornerstone event for the BSL4ZNet community. It provides a global forum for scientists, program leaders, and high‑containment specialists to exchange new research, innovations, and lessons learned related to high‑containment laboratories and high‑consequence pathogens. The 2026 meeting will mark our fifth international conference.” 

This conference will be held virtually from May 13 at 9:00 AM through June 10 at 9:30 AM ET. Learn more and register here. 

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop 2026 

From the MIT Lincoln Laboratory: “The focus of the 2026 Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop will be Preparing for Future Biological Effects. This two-day, in-person event will feature sessions highlighting the dual-use nature of biotechnology, building a resilient biosurveillance system, and developing broad medical countermeasures. The workshop will feature keynote presentations from leaders across the U.S. government highlighting critical national security challenges and opportunities created from advanced biotechnology and will also exhibit state-of-the-art research and innovations from the rapidly expanding biotechnology ecosystem. 

Government and industry leaders, national security experts, UARCs, FFRDCS, national labs, entrepreneurs, and academic innovators will jointly discuss and showcase how to rapidly transition biotechnology-enabled technologies into operational capabilities that effectively address critical national security challenges.” 

This in-person event will take place on June 2-3 in Lexington, MA. Learn more and register here. 

From the Ground Up: Federated Biodefense  

From the Atlantic Council: “The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council will host its latest meeting, surveying federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government roles, responsibilities and resources. 

Non-federal governments serve on the frontlines of biodefense. As the biological threat continues to grow, those officials who tackle this topic on a daily basis require reinforcement. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the impacts of changes in federal support for state, local, tribal, and territorial biodefense activities, as well as the biodefense roles, responsibilities and investments of non-federal governments. The discussions will also touch upon the personnel, policies and programs needed to bolster preparedness for future biological threats.” 

This event will take place on Thursday, June 4 from 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Further information and registration details to follow.

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

The Global Congress on Chemical Security and Emerging Threats – Call for Abstracts 

From INTERPOL: “The 6th Plenary Meeting of the Global Congress on Chemical Security & Emerging Threats will be in Panama City from 21-24 Sept 2026. The event brings together governments, industry, academia, & international orgs to strengthen chem security through collaboration & action. By providing a platform for multi-sector global cooperation and partnership, the Global Congress enables members to build relationships, exchange expertise, share important information on emerging threats and innovative best practices, and enhance capabilities.” 

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 15. Learn more about the conference here and apply here. 

INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference 2026 – Call for Abstracts  

From INTERPOL: “The 2nd INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference brings together law enforcement and partner agencies, biosecurity experts, and academia from different regions and backgrounds to discuss the latest developments in global biosecurity. We invite biosecurity experts, researchers and scholars to submit an abstract, subject to a selection process, to present your work during the conference. The abstract should cover one of the following topics: global biological threat landscape, indicators and early-warning for biological threats, health and law enforcement coordination, forensics, biosecurity at borders, science and technology innovation, and legal, policy and information-sharing.”  

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 22. Learn more and apply here.  

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 5.1.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights evolving global counterterrorism threats, emerging zoonotic disease risks, and the growing intersection of AI, biosecurity, and public health preparedness.   

Thinking about Getting a Master’s in Biodefense? 

GMU’s Schar School of Policy and Government has an upcoming recruitment event:   

GMU Faculty and Students Highlight Counterterrorism 2026 Summit on Evolving Threats 

In this week’s Frontline Watch report by Homeland Security Today, led by Counterterrorism Managing Editor Dr. Mahmut Cengiz of the Schar School of Policy and Government, students and researchers at George Mason University and Coastal Carolina University summarize key insights from the Counterterrorism 2026 Summit held on April 20-21. The report highlights the resilience of Iran’s proxy networks in projecting power while avoiding direct conflict, the expansion of Salafi-jihadist groups particularly in Africa’s Sahal and into coastal West Africa, and the growing sophistication of terrorist financing through cryptocurrencies and digital tools. At the same time, transnational criminal organizations, including Mexican cartels, continue to evolve to enforcement pressures, reinforcing their role as hybrid security threats. 

The report also underscores the rising influence of technology in shaping modern terrorism. Digital platforms and AI are accelerating the rise of youth involvement in extremist movements and facilitating their recruitment. To this end, the U.S. domestic threat landscape is becoming more decentralized with lone actors and small-cell attacks replacing traditional hierarchical terrorist organizations. Additionally, critical infrastructure faces heightened risk from interconnected cyber and physical threats, while AI and cyber tools are lowering the barrier to entry for terrorist activity. Overall, the findings emphasize the need for integrated, adaptive, and cross-domain counterterrorism strategies that prioritize intelligence-sharing, coordination, and non-kinetic approaches to address increasingly complex threats.  

Bird Flu Isn’t Flying Solo: WHO Reports Zoonotic Influenza Cases in 2026 

By Margeaux Malone, Pandora Report Associate Editor  

In the first quarter of 2026, the World Health Organization (WHO) confirmed 13 zoonotic influenza cases in humans across multiple strains. Among them, four were H5N1, the strain at the center of the ongoing bird flu outbreak, with one previously undisclosed fatality in Bangladesh in January 2026. The fatal case was a child with no underlying health conditions, who had contact with household poultry (two ducks and a chicken) that died shortly before the child fell ill. Genetic analysis showed the virus matched clade 2.3.2.1a, which has been circulating in local poultry since around 2011. It is Bangladesh’s first H5N1 case of 2026, following four cases last year. The other three H5N1 cases were in Cambodia (clade 2.3.2.1e).  

Unfortunately, bird flu is not the only zoonotic influenza flocking to the headlines. The remaining zoonotic flu cases reported by the WHO in their report, Influenza at the Human-Animal Interface, were swine-origin variant viruses: H1N1v and H1N2v in China and an H3N2v case in Brazil that dates to September 2025 but was only recently reported. All three swine variant cases involved children. The two cases in China had reported exposure to domestic pigs prior to illness onset. The child in Brazil did not have known direct contact with pigs but did attend an agricultural school where pigs are raised. The overall risk assessment for the general public remains low; however, Spain alerted the WHO to a suspected case of human-to-human transmission of an H1N1v swine flu variant in Catalonia in February, notable because the infected individual had no known contact with pigs. The patient has since recovered and no retransmission was detected among close contacts, but the case highlights ongoing concern about the pandemic potential of swine-origin variants should they recombine with circulating human flu strains. 

Further Reading:  

IN OTHER NEWS 

AI, Synthetic Biology, and Biosecurity Risk 

Chemical and Biological Weapons  

Vaccines, Policy, and Public Health Systems  

Prohibited Chemical and Biological Weapons and the Law: Legal Responses to Lethal Innovation 

Edited by Stacey Henderson, this book explores the current challenges, risks, and opportunities posed by new discoveries in the biological and chemical sciences. With a focus on non-human consequences of the use of these types of weapons, issues discussed include their environmental impact; use of herbicides in armed conflicts; the dangers posed by agent transport; the impact of technology on the development and manufacturing of chemical and biological agents; and the implementation effects at national levels across different countries and regions. This book explores whether the prohibitions on the use of chemical and biological weapons are being weakened, or whether international responses to their alleged use in recent conflicts are reinforcing prohibitions. This work will be most relevant to academics, researchers, and policymakers working in the fields of international humanitarian law, security studies and law, disarmament, nonproliferation and arms control, and international relations. 

Medical Leadership in Disaster Preparedness and Response: Virtual Conference 

From ASPR: “Are you currently responsible for the medical direction of a health care entity in the event of a disaster? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange (TRACIE) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) are pleased to cohost the second Medical Leadership in Disaster Preparedness and Response Virtual Conference.  

This half day virtual conference will bring together individuals who have a medical direction role during disasters to discuss the spectrum of medical leadership responsibilities and some of the specific challenges of the role. Topics will include: developing and implementing best practices during a disaster, navigating downtown, using data for action, new disaster medicine, and discovering health care surge tools.”  

This virtual conference will take place on May 11 from 12:00 – 4:30 PM ET. Learn more and register here.  

Biosafety Level 4 Zoonotic Laboratory Network: International Virtual Conference 

From the BSL4ZNet: “The BSL4ZNet bi‑annual international conference is a cornerstone event for the BSL4ZNet community. It provides a global forum for scientists, program leaders, and high‑containment specialists to exchange new research, innovations, and lessons learned related to high‑containment laboratories and high‑consequence pathogens. The 2026 meeting will mark our fifth international conference.” 

This conference will be held virtually from May 13 at 9:00 AM through June 10 at 9:30 AM ET. Learn more and register here. 

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop 2026 

From the MIT Lincoln Laboratory: “The focus of the 2026 Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop will be Preparing for Future Biological Effects. This two-day, in-person event will feature sessions highlighting the dual-use nature of biotechnology, building a resilient biosurveillance system, and developing broad medical countermeasures. The workshop will feature keynote presentations from leaders across the U.S. government highlighting critical national security challenges and opportunities created from advanced biotechnology and will also exhibit state-of-the-art research and innovations from the rapidly expanding biotechnology ecosystem. 

Government and industry leaders, national security experts, UARCs, FFRDCS, national labs, entrepreneurs, and academic innovators will jointly discuss and showcase how to rapidly transition biotechnology-enabled technologies into operational capabilities that effectively address critical national security challenges.” 

This in-person event will take place on June 2-3 in Lexington, MA. Learn more and register here. 

From the Ground Up: Federated Biodefense  

From the Atlantic Council: “The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council will host its latest meeting, surveying federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government roles, responsibilities and resources. 

Non-federal governments serve on the frontlines of biodefense. As the biological threat continues to grow, those officials who tackle this topic on a daily basis require reinforcement. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the impacts of changes in federal support for state, local, tribal, and territorial biodefense activities, as well as the biodefense roles, responsibilities and investments of non-federal governments. The discussions will also touch upon the personnel, policies and programs needed to bolster preparedness for future biological threats.” 

This event will take place on Thursday, June 4 from 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Further information and registration details to follow.

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

Strengthening Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness Through Intergenerational Dialogue – Applications Open  

From the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI): “As breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology outpace global governance, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and The Elders are launching a new intergenerational initiative to generate the ideas and leadership needed for a safer future against biological threats. 

NTI and The Elders are pleased to invite applications for a high-level Intergenerational Dialogue that will focus on emerging technologies, pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response (PPR), and global biosecurity governance. This dialogue will bring together early career professionals with senior global leaders to explore how technological innovation can strengthen health security while reducing catastrophic biological risks. 

Building on NTI’s Next Generation for Biosecurity project and The Elders’ leadership on pandemic prevention and global cooperation, this initiative will foster candid exchange across generations, elevate diverse perspectives, and generate forward-looking ideas to inform global advocacy and policy priorities.” 

The application deadline is Sunday, May 3 at 11:59 PM ET. Learn more and apply here.

Developing a Maximum Containment Laboratory: BSL-4 Biosafety and Biosecurity Considerations – A Webinar 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “Maximum containment laboratories, or BSL-4 labs, provide unique capacity for work on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) pathogens. To enhance national outbreak readiness, Singapore has been strengthening laboratory capability to include a maximum containment laboratory. During this webinar, Adj A/Prof Gladys Tan will share insights from the journey to develop such a lab and discuss biosafety and biosecurity risks that need to be recognized and mitigated.” 

This virtual event will be held on May 7 from 5:30-6:30 PM Singapore Time (GMT +08:00). Learn more and register here.  

Private Sector – EU CBRN Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence Initiative – Call for Expression of Interest  

From the UNICRI: “UNICRI, within the framework of the European Union Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence (EU CBRN CoE) Initiative invites private sector organizations to express their interest in engaging with the Initiative and its partner countries to strengthen global capacities for the prevention, detection and response to CBRN risks. 

The EU CBRN CoE Initiative, funded by the European Union, supports more than 60 partner countries across multiple regions through capacity-building, training, policy development and technical cooperation. The Initiative seeks to enhance dialogue and collaboration with relevant private sector stakeholders. This call aims to identify and engage companies and organizations interested in contributing their expertise through technical exchanges, consultations, awareness-raising activities and potential cooperation initiatives with the EU CBRN CoE Initiative and its partner countries.”  

The deadline for submissions is May 8. Learn more and register here. 

The Global Congress on Chemical Security and Emerging Threats – Call for Abstracts 

From INTERPOL: “The 6th Plenary Meeting of the Global Congress on Chemical Security & Emerging Threats will be in Panama City from 21-24 Sept 2026. The event brings together governments, industry, academia, & international orgs to strengthen chem security through collaboration & action. By providing a platform for multi-sector global cooperation and partnership, the Global Congress enables members to build relationships, exchange expertise, share important information on emerging threats and innovative best practices, and enhance capabilities.” 

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 15. Learn more about the conference here and apply here. 

INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference 2026 – Call for Abstracts  

From INTERPOL: “The 2nd INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference brings together law enforcement and partner agencies, biosecurity experts, and academia from different regions and backgrounds to discuss the latest developments in global biosecurity. We invite biosecurity experts, researchers and scholars to submit an abstract, subject to a selection process, to present your work during the conference. The abstract should cover one of the following topics: global biological threat landscape, indicators and early-warning for biological threats, health and law enforcement coordination, forensics, biosecurity at borders, science and technology innovation, and legal, policy and information-sharing.”  

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 22. Learn more and apply here.  

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 4.24.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights emerging technologies shaping biosecurity, advances in pandemic preparedness, and evolving policy challenges across science, health, and national security. 

Considering Graduate School in Policy, Government, or International Affairs? 

The George Mason University will host a virtual open house to learn more about the Schar School of Policy and Government and their academic programs: 

Thinking about Getting a Master’s in Biodefense? 

GMU’s Schar School of Policy and Government has an upcoming recruitment event:   

GMU Alumni Featured in SIPRI’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programme  

In a new video, George Mason University Biodefense alumni, Dr. Miranda Smith, has been featured in SIPRI’s Weapons of Mass Destruction Programme on preventing biological weapons proliferation. In the video, Dr. Smith discusses how advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technology are reshaping how biological research, data and materials are managed and how these technologies could be used to strengthen oversight by helping to preventing the development and proliferation of biological weapons. Dr. Smith highlights the administrative burdens and workforce capacity issues faced by states in implementing compliance with the biological weapons prohibition regime. Her insights are based on key findings from a recent SIPRI publication, ‘Preventing Biological Weapons Proliferation: operational Applications of Emerging Technologies’.  

Further Reading: 

Moderna Launches Phase 3 mRNA Bird Flu Vaccine Trial 

By Margeaux Malone, Pandora Report Associate Editor  

Moderna announced this week that the first participants have received doses of their investigational mRNA-based H5 bird flu vaccine candidate, mRNA-1018, as part of a Phase 3 clinical trial. The trial is funded with support from the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), which invested $53.4 million to help advance the vaccine to licensure after the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services pulled millions of dollars in funding to support vaccine development last May.  

The trial aims to enroll approximately 4,000 adults across the United States and United Kingdom, with a particular focus on adults over 65 and poultry workers. In a company press release, Moderna CEO Stéphane Bancel said, “H5 influenza, or bird flu, remains a pandemic threat. The start of our Phase 3 trial for an H5 influenza vaccine marks a significant milestone in our ongoing efforts to strengthen global pandemic preparedness.” As part of the agreement with CEPI, Moderna has pledged to allocate 20% of their H5 pandemic vaccine manufacturing capacity to provide timely supply of vaccines to low- and middle-income countries at affordable prices in the event of an influenza pandemic. 

H5N1 Resurfaces in Cattle as Researchers Study Semen Spread 

H5N1 avian flu resurfaced last week in five Idaho dairy herds, according to USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. This marks the first detections in cattle since December 2025 when a single herd was affected in Wisconsin and comes almost exactly two years since US officials first recorded the virus in dairy cattle. In related news, Emerging Infectious Diseases published an early release article examining whether viral shedding in bovine semen could result in silent spread within herds and across geographic regions through artificial insemination. The study, based on observations of natural breeding bulls on an affected California dairy farm, found H5N1 RNA in the semen of an asymptomatic bull. However, researchers did not detect live virus and there was only limited evidence of seroconversion. Although the findings were ultimately inconclusive, the authors called for further research to further assess semen-associated transmission risks that may pose to herd health and breeding programs. 

Further Reading:  

IN OTHER NEWS 

Chemical and Biological Weapons, Nonproliferation and Disarmament  

Public Health, Vaccines and Pandemic Preparedness  

Science Policy, Funding and Politics 

Podcasts 

NEW: Medical Leadership in Disaster Preparedness and Response: Virtual Conference 

From ASPR: “Are you currently responsible for the medical direction of a health care entity in the event of a disaster? The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Strategic Preparedness and Response (ASPR) Technical Resources, Assistance Center, and Information Exchange (TRACIE) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) are pleased to cohost the second Medical Leadership in Disaster Preparedness and Response Virtual Conference.  

This half day virtual conference will bring together individuals who have a medical direction role during disasters to discuss the spectrum of medical leadership responsibilities and some of the specific challenges of the role. Topics will include: developing and implementing best practices during a disaster, navigating downtown, using data for action, new disaster medicine, and discovering health care surge tools.”  

This virtual conference will take place on May 11 from 12:00 – 4:30 PM ET. Learn more and register here.  

NEW: Biosafety Level 4 Zoonotic Laboratory Network: International Virtual Conference 

From the BSL4ZNet: “The BSL4ZNet bi‑annual international conference is a cornerstone event for the BSL4ZNet community. It provides a global forum for scientists, program leaders, and high‑containment specialists to exchange new research, innovations, and lessons learned related to high‑containment laboratories and high‑consequence pathogens. The 2026 meeting will mark our fifth international conference.” 

This conference will be held virtually from May 13 at 9:00 AM through June 10 at 9:30 AM ET. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: From the Ground Up: Federated Biodefense  

From the Atlantic Council: “The Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council will host its latest meeting, surveying federal, state, local, tribal, and territorial government roles, responsibilities and resources. 

Non-federal governments serve on the frontlines of biodefense. As the biological threat continues to grow, those officials who tackle this topic on a daily basis require reinforcement. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the impacts of changes in federal support for state, local, tribal, and territorial biodefense activities, as well as the biodefense roles, responsibilities and investments of non-federal governments. The discussions will also touch upon the personnel, policies and programs needed to bolster preparedness for future biological threats.” 

This event will take place on Thursday, June 4 from 10:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Further information and registration details to follow.

External Review of Environmental, Biosafety, and Biosecurity Considerations for Synthetic Cell Research and Development: Report Release Webinar 

From the National Academies: “Engineering biology holds great potential to transform biotechnology research to provide innovative solutions to critical challenges in health, agriculture, industry, and beyond. Scientists actively have worked to improve the design and creation of synthetic cells. Recent calls for increased predictability of designing cells that have desired functions upon their development highlight the pressing need to develop an actionable and contemplative approach to addressing environmental, safety, and security risks while maintaining research advancement and productivity. This study will analyze existing and needed approaches for assessing and reducing risks and maintaining benefits of synthetic cells to inform policy and protect public safety.” 

This webinar will be held on April 29, from 1:00 PM – 2:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop 2026 

From the MIT Lincoln Laboratory: “The focus of the 2026 Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop will be Preparing for Future Biological Effects. This two-day, in-person event will feature sessions highlighting the dual-use nature of biotechnology, building a resilient biosurveillance system, and developing broad medical countermeasures. The workshop will feature keynote presentations from leaders across the U.S. government highlighting critical national security challenges and opportunities created from advanced biotechnology and will also exhibit state-of-the-art research and innovations from the rapidly expanding biotechnology ecosystem. 

Government and industry leaders, national security experts, UARCs, FFRDCS, national labs, entrepreneurs, and academic innovators will jointly discuss and showcase how to rapidly transition biotechnology-enabled technologies into operational capabilities that effectively address critical national security challenges.” 

This in-person event will take place on June 2-3 in Lexington, MA. Learn more and register here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Private Sector – EU CBRN Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence Initiative – Call for Expression of Interest  

From the UNICRI: “UNICRI, within the framework of the European Union Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Risk Mitigation Centres of Excellence (EU CBRN CoE) Initiative invites private sector organizations to express their interest in engaging with the Initiative and its partner countries to strengthen global capacities for the prevention, detection and response to CBRN risks. 

The EU CBRN CoE Initiative, funded by the European Union, supports more than 60 partner countries across multiple regions through capacity-building, training, policy development and technical cooperation. The Initiative seeks to enhance dialogue and collaboration with relevant private sector stakeholders. This call aims to identify and engage companies and organizations interested in contributing their expertise through technical exchanges, consultations, awareness-raising activities and potential cooperation initiatives with the EU CBRN CoE Initiative and its partner countries.”  

The deadline for submissions is May 8. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference 2026 – Call for Abstracts  

From INTERPOL: “The 2nd INTERPOL Global Biosecurity Conference brings together law enforcement and partner agencies, biosecurity experts, and academia from different regions and backgrounds to discuss the latest developments in global biosecurity. We invite biosecurity experts, researchers and scholars to submit an abstract, subject to a selection process, to present your work during the conference. The abstract should cover one of the following topics: global biological threat landscape, indicators and early-warning for biological threats, health and law enforcement coordination, forensics, biosecurity at borders, science and technology innovation, and legal, policy and information-sharing.”  

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 22. Learn more and apply here.  

Threats to Security: The Nexus of AI & Biotechnology Research Workshop – Call for Abstracts  

From the MIT Media Lab: “The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology is rapidly reshaping the global innovation landscape, generating transformative opportunities across health, science, and industry. At the same time, this convergence introduces complex and evolving security challenges, particularly due to the dual-use nature of these technologies. Advances in AI-enabled biological research, ranging from computational genomics to automated laboratory systems, are accelerating discovery cycles and lowering barriers to entry, raising important questions for biosecurity, governance, and strategic stability. 

For NATO and its Allies, these developments present a multidimensional challenge. Emerging risks include the potential misuse of AI-enabled tools to design or enhance biological agents, vulnerabilities in critical health and research infrastructures, and the growing role of AI in shaping information environments during biological crises. At the same time, uncertainty surrounding the feasibility, scalability, and detectability of such risks underscores the need for balanced, evidence-based assessments that avoid both underestimation and overstatement. 

This Workshop is open to NATO Nations and will be conducted at NATO Unclassified.” 

Submission deadline is April 26 at 11:59 PM CT. Learn more and apply here. 

AIxBiosecurity Summer Fellowship 2026 

From ERA: “ERA, in partnership with the Cambridge Biosecurity Hub, is launching our first 10-week, full-time AIxBiosecurity research fellowship dedicated to tackling biosecurity risks amplified by recent advances in frontier AI capabilities. This fully funded programme equips researchers to investigate ways to reduce extreme risks from engineered and natural biological threats amid rapidly advancing biotechnology and emerging AI capabilities. After a successful 2 month pilot programme, we’re excited to continue working with some of the top talent in AI and Biosecurity.” 

Applications for the fellowship are now open, and the deadline to apply is April 27. Learn more and apply here.  

Strengthening Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness Through Intergenerational Dialogue – Applications Open  

From the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI): “As breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology outpace global governance, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and The Elders are launching a new intergenerational initiative to generate the ideas and leadership needed for a safer future against biological threats. 

NTI and The Elders are pleased to invite applications for a high-level Intergenerational Dialogue that will focus on emerging technologies, pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response (PPR), and global biosecurity governance. This dialogue will bring together early career professionals with senior global leaders to explore how technological innovation can strengthen health security while reducing catastrophic biological risks. 

Building on NTI’s Next Generation for Biosecurity project and The Elders’ leadership on pandemic prevention and global cooperation, this initiative will foster candid exchange across generations, elevate diverse perspectives, and generate forward-looking ideas to inform global advocacy and policy priorities.” 

The application deadline is Sunday, May 3 at 11:59 PM ET. Learn more and apply here.

Developing a Maximum Containment Laboratory: BSL-4 Biosafety and Biosecurity Considerations – A Webinar 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “Maximum containment laboratories, or BSL-4 labs, provide unique capacity for work on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) pathogens. To enhance national outbreak readiness, Singapore has been strengthening laboratory capability to include a maximum containment laboratory. During this webinar, Adj A/Prof Gladys Tan will share insights from the journey to develop such a lab and discuss biosafety and biosecurity risks that need to be recognized and mitigated.” 

This virtual event will be held on May 7 from 5:30-6:30 PM Singapore Time (GMT +08:00). Learn more and register here.  

The Global Congress on Chemical Security and Emerging Threats – Call for Abstracts 

From INTERPOL: “The 6th Plenary Meeting of the Global Congress on Chemical Security & Emerging Threats will be in Panama City from 21-24 Sept 2026. The event brings together governments, industry, academia, & international orgs to strengthen chem security through collaboration & action. By providing a platform for multi-sector global cooperation and partnership, the Global Congress enables members to build relationships, exchange expertise, share important information on emerging threats and innovative best practices, and enhance capabilities.” 

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 15. Learn more about the conference here and apply here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 4.17.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights recent GMU biodefense research and publications, emerging insights on deterrence and coercive diplomacy, new developments in vaccine diplomacy and artificial intelligence governance, and key updates across biosecurity, chemical weapons policy, and global threat reduction efforts.  

Interested in Terrorism and Complex Threat Landscapes? Join Counter Terrorism 2026! 

The Schar School and HS Today will be hosting the Counterterrorism Summit 2026, a mission-focused convening that brings together government, law enforcement, academia, and the private sector to discuss emerging terrorist organizations, shifting technology adoption, critical infrastructure risks, transnational threat linkages and the role of innovation and AI in extremist operations. 

Thinking about Getting a Master’s in Biodefense? 

GMU’s Schar School of Policy and Government has an upcoming recruitment event:   

Schar School Well-Represented at Intelligence Studies Consortium Conference 

By Chris Quillen, PhD in Biodefense (’25)  

Figure 1. George Mason University’s Schar School attends the Intelligence Studies Consortium Spring Conference on March 24-25, 2026. Pictured left to right: Brianne Bernhardt (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University), Sam Rooker (James Madison University), moderator Chris Quillen (PhD Biodefense ’25, George Mason University), Sandra Roshonda Thomas (MS Biodefense, George Mason University), and Becca Earnhardt (PhD Candidate in Biodefense, George Mason University). 

George Mason University’s Schar School made its presence known at the Intelligence Studies Consortium’s (ISC) Spring Conference on March 24-25, 2026. Established by the National Intelligence University in 2018, the Intelligence Studies Consortium brings together students from leading universities with intelligence-related programs including GMU. This year’s conference titled “The Intelligence Profession: Future Challenges and Opportunities” was hosted by Georgetown University’s School of Continuing Studies and featured a combination of keynote speakers, student and faculty panels, student and faculty poster sessions, networking opportunities, and a career fair.  In addition to GMU, students and faculty from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, Georgetown University, Howard University, Indiana University, the Institute for World Politics, James Madison University, Johns Hopkins University, Mercyhurst University, National Intelligence University, Patrick Henry College, Soka University of America, the University of California-Merced, the University of New Hampshire, the University of Virginia, and Virginia Tech presented their research. In total, nearly 500 people representing 25 higher education institutions registered for the symposium which included 12 panels with 50 people and 33 poster sessions. 

Faculty and students from the Schar School appeared throughout the conference. Chris Quillen, PhD Biodefense ’25, moderated the panel “Weapons of Mass Destruction, Counterterrorism, and Nation-States: A Case for Maintaining Vigilance” featuring two current students and one possible future student in Biodefense.  Becca Earnhardt, PhD candidate in Biodefense, discussed the differences between traditional and internet biosurveillance, the utility of social media data during previous outbreaks, and lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic in her presentation on “Biosurveillance in the Age of Social Media.”  Sandra Roshonda Thomas, MS student in Biodefense, argued “The Absence of Implementation in the National Biodefense Strategy is a National Security Risk.”  Sam Rooker, currently at JMU and recently accepted into the Biodefense program for the fall of 2026, presented “DIY Doomsday: WMD Development as a Cottage Industry in an Interconnected Scientific Marketplace” analyzing the growing threat of commercial scientific technology use in WMD development drawing on his time as an intern for the Royal United Services Institute. 

Ellen Laipson, the Director of the Master’s in International Security degree program and the Center for Security Policy Studies at GMU, moderated the panel on “The Analyst’s Edge: Innovation in Intelligence Tradecraft and Methodology” featuring two GMU students.  Chris Quillen presented his research on his lessons learned from teaching the twin intelligence failures of the September 11th attacks and the failure to find WMD in Iraq in “Beyond the Classics: Keeping Intelligence Failure Case Studies Relevant.”  Esha Doshi, a Master of Public Administration candidate and Northern Virginia Public Service Fellow at GMU, also presented on “Rebuilding Public-Private Partnerships and Trust.” 

On the first day of the conference GMU students Mark Greene, Kevin Otwoma, Bryce Ricken, and Sara Slaughter presented “Netflix of Intelligence: Leveraging Emerging Technologies to Transform Intelligence Dissemination” during the Plenary Session on “Challenges Facing Intelligence Practitioners in the Evolving Landscape of Public-Private Partnerships and Intelligence Sharing.”  Their presentation focused on “reimagining” how finished intelligence can be delivered to the customer using new technologies and addressed the pros and cons of the use of AI to tailor and package intelligence for the decision-maker.     

Several Schar School graduate students also presented posters including Nick Kesler on “The Strategy Stack: An AI-Enabled Research Architecture for Strategic Coherence in an Era of Great Power Competition,” Yenting Lin on “Digital Propaganda: How China Uses Short-Form Videos to Undermine Taiwan’s Democratic Resilience,” and Kunj Malhotra on “Preparing the Intelligence Workforce for a Human–Machine Future: Building Readiness for AI‑Enabled National Security.” 

George Mason University’s Biodefense PhD Student Publication Received Recognition 

Figure 2. Recent Biodefense PhD Graduate, Christopher Quillen (left), pictured with advisor, Dr. Gregory Koblentz (right), Director of Biodefense Program at George Mason University. 

At the first annual Schar School PhD Awards held last week, recent Biodefense PhD graduate Christopher Quillen won for Best Publication (Sole-Authored) for his article “Dead Sheep Tell No Tales: Aum Shinrikyo’s Alleged Sarin Test in Australia Never Happened,” published in Studies in Conflict and Terrorism. In the article, Chris debunks the myth that Aum tested sarin on sheep at their ranch in Australia in the early 1990s. He found that Aum’s activities were more consistent with an intent to mine uranium in pursuit of nuclear weapons. 

GMU Alumni Publishes Review on Coercing Syria on Chemical Weapons 

Former PhD student of George Mason University’s Biodefense Program, Chris Quillen, recently published a review in Arms Control Today on the book, Coercing Syria on Chemical Weapons: A Case Study on Deterrence and Coercive Diplomacy by Matthew Moran, Wyn Q. Bowen, and Jeffrey W. Knopf, which assesses theories of deterrence and coercive diplomacy during the Syrian civil war. Quillen highlights that one of the book’s central arguments that traditional “resolve plus bombs” approaches, which are positions of threats of retaliation and occasional airstrikes, are insufficient to deter CW use and renunciation, emphasizing instead the importance of understanding motivations of the coerced and offering credible assurances if targets of coercion cooperate. 

Biodefense Graduate Publishes on Vaccine Diplomacy in Global Health Governance  

Olivia Parker, a 2024 graduate of the Biodefense M.S. program, recently published “Carrots, Sticks, and Dirty Tricks: Reevaluating Vaccine Diplomacy After the COVID-19 Pandemic,” in the fall 2025 issue of Global Health Governance. The article, based on her master’s capstone paper, argues that during the COVID-19 pandemic China, Russia, and the United States used vaccines as a tool to advance their pre-existing foreign policy goals, contra to the theory of ‘vaccine diplomacy’ as originally conceived by Dr. Peter Hotez. While Hotez’s theory may not be generalizable beyond the specific Cold War dynamics that inspired it, it presents an aspirational normative ideal for international vaccine sharing policy. Ms. Parker is currently a senior policy advisor with the National Security Commission on Emerging Biotechnology. 

Further Reading:  

Stanford University’s New AI Index 2026 Annual Report Published 

Stanford University’s Institute for Human-Centered AI has released the ninth edition of its AI report, titled The AI Index 2026 Annual Report. As AI systems continue to advance rapidly, the report raises key questions about the surrounding infrastructure needed to govern and evaluate these technologies, including governance frameworks, evaluation methods, education systems, and data infrastructure. This year’s edition examines how AI is being tested ambitiously across reasoning, safety, and real-world task performance. It also includes new estimates of generative AI’s economic value and emerging evidence of its impact on labor markets, along with an analytical framework on AI sovereignty and dedicated chapters on AI’s expanding role in science and medicine. 

Further Reading: 

IN OTHER NEWS 

Wildlife Trade and Zoonotic Disease Risk  

Chemical Weapons and State-Level Threats 

Governance, Public Health Leadership and International Coordination 

NEW: Webinar – Balancing Research Security and Open Science  

From the Council of Canadian Academies: “In October 2025, the Council of Canadian Academies published their report, Balancing Research Security and Open Science. The report, commissioned by the Public Health Agency of Canada in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Canada, offers an independent assessment of national and foreign efforts to promote research security and highlights potential strategies to safeguard national interests while preserving the openness that drives discovery, innovation, and prosperity. 

The Centre for Biosecurity is hosting a webinar where members of the Expert Panel on Sensitive Research of Concern are invited to provide an overview of their findings, including measures to identify sensitive research, determine when it is of concern, and how to safeguard it throughout the phases of the research process.” 

The English session will be held on April 15 at 2:00 PM EDT. The French session will be held on April 22 at 11:00 AM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Shared Risk, Shared Responsibility: Lessons from Canada on Allied Burden-Sharing in Global WMD Threat Reduction 

From the Stimson Center: “Join the Stimson Center for a public fireside chat on global WMD proliferation challenges with senior officials from Global Affairs Canada, moderated by Stimson President and CEO Brian Finlay. The norms holding back the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction are under pressure from every direction: The use of chemical weapons has been documented on the battlefield in Ukraine, the full scope of the former Assad regime’s chemical weapons program in Syria is still being investigated, and global attention is focused on Iran’s highly enriched uranium stockpile. Particularly at the nexus of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) security, rapid developments in disruptive technologies present heightened risks requiring deft management that does not jeopardize the many beneficial opportunities these technologies offer. 

Canada has been a leading member of the Global Partnership Against the Spread of Weapons and Materials of Mass Destruction since the initiative’s founding nearly 25 years ago. Join the Stimson Center for a conversation that takes stock of that record: the lessons learned, the gaps exposed, and the hard questions about what allied burden-sharing in weapons of mass destruction threat reduction must look like in an era when the old assurances no longer hold.” 

This hybrid event will be held on April 20 from 3:00 PM – 4:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: External Review of Environmental, Biosafety, and Biosecurity Considerations for Synthetic Cell Research and Development: Report Release Webinar 

From the National Academies: “Engineering biology holds great potential to transform biotechnology research to provide innovative solutions to critical challenges in health, agriculture, industry, and beyond. Scientists actively have worked to improve the design and creation of synthetic cells. Recent calls for increased predictability of designing cells that have desired functions upon their development highlight the pressing need to develop an actionable and contemplative approach to addressing environmental, safety, and security risks while maintaining research advancement and productivity. This study will analyze existing and needed approaches for assessing and reducing risks and maintaining benefits of synthetic cells to inform policy and protect public safety.” 

This webinar will be held on April 29, from 1:00 PM – 2:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop 2026 

From the MIT Lincoln Laboratory: “The focus of the 2026 Biotechnology and Resilient Human Systems Workshop will be Preparing for Future Biological Effects. This two-day, in-person event will feature sessions highlighting the dual-use nature of biotechnology, building a resilient biosurveillance system, and developing broad medical countermeasures. The workshop will feature keynote presentations from leaders across the U.S. government highlighting critical national security challenges and opportunities created from advanced biotechnology and will also exhibit state-of-the-art research and innovations from the rapidly expanding biotechnology ecosystem. 

Government and industry leaders, national security experts, UARCs, FFRDCS, national labs, entrepreneurs, and academic innovators will jointly discuss and showcase how to rapidly transition biotechnology-enabled technologies into operational capabilities that effectively address critical national security challenges.” 

This in-person event will take place on June 2-3 in Lexington, MA. Learn more and register here. 

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: AIxBio Hackathon  

From Apart Research: “The AIxBio Hackathon brings together researchers, engineers, biosecurity professionals, and AI safety enthusiasts to work on one of the most urgent intersections in safety: how AI is changing biological risk, and what we can build to stay ahead. 

Over three days, participants will develop tools, prototypes, and research addressing real gaps in biosecurity infrastructure, from DNA synthesis screening and pandemic early warning systems to practitioner tools that don’t exist yet.” 

This event will take place from April 24-26. Learn more and join here. 

NEW: Threats to Security: The Nexus of AI & Biotechnology Research Workshop – Call for Abstracts  

From the MIT Media Lab: “The convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology is rapidly reshaping the global innovation landscape, generating transformative opportunities across health, science, and industry. At the same time, this convergence introduces complex and evolving security challenges, particularly due to the dual-use nature of these technologies. Advances in AI-enabled biological research, ranging from computational genomics to automated laboratory systems, are accelerating discovery cycles and lowering barriers to entry, raising important questions for biosecurity, governance, and strategic stability. 

For NATO and its Allies, these developments present a multidimensional challenge. Emerging risks include the potential misuse of AI-enabled tools to design or enhance biological agents, vulnerabilities in critical health and research infrastructures, and the growing role of AI in shaping information environments during biological crises. At the same time, uncertainty surrounding the feasibility, scalability, and detectability of such risks underscores the need for balanced, evidence-based assessments that avoid both underestimation and overstatement. 

This Workshop is open to NATO Nations and will be conducted at NATO Unclassified.” 

Submission deadline is April 26 at 11:59 PM CT. Learn more and apply here. 

Council on Strategic Risks Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp Fellowship – Call for Applications 

From CSR: “The Council on Strategic Risks (CSR) is announcing an open call for applications for our 2026 Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp, a unique fellowship opportunity that we will host in the United States. 

Whether arising naturally, by accident, or through a deliberate effort to weaponize infectious diseases, biological threats pose grave risks to international security and stability. This is a highly dynamic time for biological risks, as we are witnessing an incredible pace of technological change against the backdrop of a shifting, dangerous global security landscape. Biological risks are as concerning as ever—and we are entering a new era in terms of the tools and approaches available to mitigate them. Informed by the unique experiences of its staff and years of collaboration across its expert networks, CSR’s work related to biological threats ties to a bold vision: making biological weapons the first category of weapons of mass destruction to be rendered obsolete in terms of their mass-destruction potential; and preventing any future infectious disease outbreaks from reaching pandemic scale. To achieve this goal, CSR is continuing to develop and cultivate creative solutions to address biological threats, including ways countries can effectively prepare for them.” 

Applications are due on April 24. Learn more and apply here. 

AIxBiosecurity Summer Fellowship 2026 

From ERA: “ERA, in partnership with the Cambridge Biosecurity Hub, is launching our first 10-week, full-time AIxBiosecurity research fellowship dedicated to tackling biosecurity risks amplified by recent advances in frontier AI capabilities. This fully funded programme equips researchers to investigate ways to reduce extreme risks from engineered and natural biological threats amid rapidly advancing biotechnology and emerging AI capabilities. After a successful 2 month pilot programme, we’re excited to continue working with some of the top talent in AI and Biosecurity.” 

Applications for the fellowship are now open, and the deadline to apply is April 27. Learn more and apply here.  

Strengthening Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness Through Intergenerational Dialogue – Applications Open  

From the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI): “As breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology outpace global governance, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and The Elders are launching a new intergenerational initiative to generate the ideas and leadership needed for a safer future against biological threats. 

NTI and The Elders are pleased to invite applications for a high-level Intergenerational Dialogue that will focus on emerging technologies, pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response (PPR), and global biosecurity governance. This dialogue will bring together early career professionals with senior global leaders to explore how technological innovation can strengthen health security while reducing catastrophic biological risks. 

Building on NTI’s Next Generation for Biosecurity project and The Elders’ leadership on pandemic prevention and global cooperation, this initiative will foster candid exchange across generations, elevate diverse perspectives, and generate forward-looking ideas to inform global advocacy and policy priorities.” 

The application deadline is Sunday, May 3 at 11:59 PM ET. Learn more and apply here.

Developing a Maximum Containment Laboratory: BSL-4 Biosafety and Biosecurity Considerations – A Webinar 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “Maximum containment laboratories, or BSL-4 labs, provide unique capacity for work on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) pathogens. To enhance national outbreak readiness, Singapore has been strengthening laboratory capability to include a maximum containment laboratory. During this webinar, Adj A/Prof Gladys Tan will share insights from the journey to develop such a lab and discuss biosafety and biosecurity risks that need to be recognized and mitigated.” 

This virtual event will be held on May 7 from 5:30-6:30 PM Singapore Time (GMT +08:00). Learn more and register here.  

The Global Congress on Chemical Security and Emerging Threats – Call for Abstracts 

From INTERPOL: “The 6th Plenary Meeting of the Global Congress on Chemical Security & Emerging Threats will be in Panama City from 21-24 Sept 2026. The event brings together governments, industry, academia, & international orgs to strengthen chem security through collaboration & action. By providing a platform for multi-sector global cooperation and partnership, the Global Congress enables members to build relationships, exchange expertise, share important information on emerging threats and innovative best practices, and enhance capabilities.” 

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 15. Learn more about the conference here and apply here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 4.10.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights upcoming Schar School events, including a virtual open house and the Counterterrorism Summit 2026, alongside national recognition of its top-ranked homeland security program and a featured analysis on the resurgence of measles and vaccine hesitancy in the United States.  

Considering Graduate School in Policy, Government, or International Affairs? 

The George Mason University will host a virtual open house to learn more about the Schar School of Policy and Government and their academic programs: 

Interested in Terrorism and Complex Threat Landscapes? Join Counter Terrorism 2026! 

The Schar School and HS Today will be hosting the Counterterrorism Summit 2026, a mission-focused convening that brings together government, law enforcement, academia, and the private sector to discuss emerging terrorist organizations, shifting technology adoption, critical infrastructure risks, transnational threat linkages and the role of innovation and AI in extremist operations. 

Schar School Highly Rated for Homeland Security Graduate Education 
 
The Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University has been recognized by U.S. News and World Report as having the No. 4 graduate program in the nation – and the top program in Virginia – for homeland security and emergency management in 2026. This marks the ninth year in a row that the program has ranked among the top 10 nationally.  

This achievement was due in large part to the success of the Biodefense Graduate Program, led by Professor Gregory Koblentz. The program offers a range of academic options, including graduate certificates, both online and in-person Master of Science degrees in Biodefense, and a PhD in Biodefense. The program has been active for more than 20 years and has over 400 alumni working in the public, private, non-profit, and academic sectors in the United States and around the world.  

The Schar School’s other graduate programs continue to excel as well. Its public policy specialty areas were among the top performers this year, with all seven of its ranked subject areas in the top 50 nationally and in the top 25 among public universities. Six subject areas ranked No. 1 in Virginia overall, and four ranked No. 1 in the Washington, D.C., region among public universities.  

“As we mark the 10th anniversary of the school’s naming, these rankings speak to what the Schar School has become over the past decade: a place of real national consequence in public affairs education,” said Mark Rozell, Dean of the Schar School of Policy and Government. “From homeland security and nonprofit management to international global policy and public finance, these rankings reflect the breadth of the Schar School’s excellence and the growing national recognition of its strengths.” 

The Return of Measles: Vaccine Hesitancy and the Erosion of U.S. Public Health  

By: Cameron Daniel Benton 

As globalization increases and societies becomes more interconnected, developing and maintaining strong public health measures is more vital than ever. However, previously eradicated diseases are reemerging in the United States due to vaccine hesitancy and shifting policies under the current presidential administration. The 2025 measles outbreak in West Texas serves as a warning sign of what may follow if the nation continues to neglect preventable diseases. The 2025 West Texas measles outbreak has spread to neighboring states, Mexico, and Canadai and represents a risk to immunocompromised individuals and, in rare cases, to vaccinated individuals through breakthrough infections. ii 

The Trump Administration is actively pivoting away from established, scientific-based evidence and towards dubious alternatives. This shift has damaging implications for local communities that rely on scientific guidance from medical professionals. For example, during the 2025 measles outbreak, Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a known vaccine skeptic, initially downplayed the severity of the crisis, misleadingly suggested that vitamin A prevents measles, and directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to distribute additional vitamin A to the Texas Department of Health. iii As a result, some children were hospitalized with both vitamin A toxicity and measles.iv Although Secretary Kennedy later admitted in a Fox News op-ed that the MMR vaccine is “crucial to avoiding potentially deadly disease,”v the conflicting messages from senior government officials contribute to ongoing vaccine hesitancy.  

Vaccine hesitancy is one of several factors for parents to forego life-saving vaccines for easily preventable diseases such as measles. A May 2023 study highlights various social factors, such as misinformation, low trust, and limited perception of personal risk and susceptibility to measles, vi as major drivers of the decline in MMR vaccination rates. The Atlantic interviewed Peter (no last name provided), whose daughter passed away during the 2025 outbreak, which was the first measles-related death in the United States in a decade. Peter remarked that “[measles] is not so new for us” and “everybody has it” since his grandparents and parents had it. He also said that “the vaccination has stuff that we don’t trust.” vii As the vaccination rates and trust in vaccines decrease, children will become more susceptible to otherwise preventable diseases.  

Meanwhile, Dr. Ralph Abraham, the CDC’s Principal Deputy Director, recently said that the uptick in measles cases is “just the cost of doing business with our borders being somewhat porous for global and international travel.” He also emphasized the “personal freedom” of communities that choose to remain unvaccinated.viii This attitude towards measles demonstrates a shift in focus from robust, proactive public health measures to a more reactive approach. Trust in the government will likely decline as the American public perceives low prioritization of preventable disease outbreaks. Continued measles outbreaks will likely disrupt childhood education, become more common throughout the country, and become deadlier.   

The current administration is reversing policy on vaccine safety through more than just public messaging, which is reflected in the data the CDC tracks in the United States. A recent study tracked how certain CDC databases had “unexplained pauses” in their updates. As of October 28th, 2025, 38 (46%) of these databases were paused, and of these, 33 (87%) were related to vaccine monitoring. 34 of the paused databases were not updated within 6 months of the study. These long pauses jeopardize the evidence that public health officials, scientists, government officials, and medical professionals use when evaluating information. The lack of transparency around the pauses further contributes to the decline in public trust.  

In 2025, Secretary Kennedy unilaterally fired the entire board of the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)ix and reduced the recommended childhood vaccine schedule from 17 to 11 vaccines, citing concerns that children receive “too many” vaccines.x These actions align with the administration’s overall indifference towards vaccines and public health. In response, 28 states rejected the revised guidelines and continue to follow recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics.xi As parents continue to forgo the MMR vaccine, we may someday see the return of mumps and rubella in the United States. Conflicting vaccine information from two respected scientific agencies will very likely deepen the public’s distrust regarding new recommendations.  

Secretary Kennedy’s restructuring and dismantling efforts of various health departments do not exist in a vacuum and align with President Trump’s transactional view of domestic and international politics. On January 22, 2026, the Trump Administration recently completed the United States’ withdrawal from the World Health Organization (WHO). This withdrawal happened exactly one year after President Trump signed an executive order to initiate the withdrawal process. xii While the long-term effects remain to be seen, the WHO has now lost major funding for various initiatives to combat and monitor various diseases.  

These new public health policies also have negative financial and economic impacts during outbreaks. When children are sick with measles, parents often need to take time off work, pull children out of school, take them to the hospital or urgent care, spend money on medicine, and their jobs lose productivity. State and federal officials also spend valuable resources managing outbreaks, establishing contact tracing, utilizing diagnostics, and initiating emergency responses. xiii Researchers estimate the 2019 measles outbreak in Washington state, for example, cost approximately $3.4 million for 71 measles cases, illustrating how reactive response efforts to preventable diseases generate disproportionate financial strain. xiv   

South Carolina’s Department of Public Health has reported 977 cases of measles in Spartanburg County as of April 3rd 2026,xv Utah’s Department of Health and Human Services  reported 362 casesxvi and Virginia confirmed five cases as of April 1st, 2026. xvii As of April 2nd 2026, the CDC reported 1,671 confirmed cases of measles within 33 different jurisdictions in the United States. xviii The actual number of measles cases are likely underreported due to a lag in reported cases, people not going to the clinic, and the CDC’s shutdown of many centralized health databases. xix As measles continues to spread throughout the country, the Trump Administration can take steps to ensure the public remains healthy, children are protected, and the economy remains stable. The administration, state, and local government officials should invest in measles-related diagnostic kits, training for healthcare workers, and temporarily increase MMR vaccine production. President Trump can also sign new executive orders directing artificial intelligence (AI) companies to shift efforts toward medical research and pharmaceutical production. This will ensure Americans remain healthy, make the U.S. competitive in global markets, and stimulate the economy with positive, tangible, and healthy outcomes. Scientists and public health officials should coordinate, establish, and maintain decentralized health databases to monitor disease reports and track data trends. xx This will reduce dependency on the federal government and enhance accessibility.  

Further Reading:  

1 “Top CDC Official Says Measles Surge Is the ‘Cost of Doing Business’,”  Neurology Advisor  

2 “Utah Measles Outbreak Response,” Utah Department of Health and Human Services 

3 “Measles, Vitamin A, and RFK Jr.’s About-Face,” Christopher Labos, McGill Office for Science and Society  

4 “West Texas children treated for vitamin A toxicity as medical disinformation spreads alongside measles outbreak” University of Nebraska Medical Center  

5 “ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: Measles outbreak is call to action for all of us,” Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Fox News   

6 “Why Parents Say No to Having Their Children Vaccinated against Measles: A Systematic Review of the Social Determinants of Parental Perceptions on MMR Vaccine Hesitancy,” Novilla et al., 2023   

7 “His Daughter Was America’s First Measles Death in a Decade,” Tom Bartlett, The Atlantic  

8 “Members of CDC vaccine panel ousted by RFK Jr. say committee has ‘lost credibility’,” Mary Kekatos, ABC News  

9 “HHS announces unprecedented overhaul of US childhood vaccine schedule,” Stephanie Soucheray and Liz Szabo, CIDRAP  

10 “28 states reject the CDC’s new childhood vaccine schedule, KFF finds,” Austin Littrell, Medical Economics  

11 “United States Completes WHO Withdrawal,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  

12 “The Economic Impact of the Ongoing Measles Outbreak,” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  

13 “Societal Costs of a Measles Outbreak,” Pike et al., 2022  

14 “2025 Measles Outbreak,” South Carolina Department of Public Health  

15 “About Measles,” Virginia Department of Health  

IN OTHER NEWS 

Chemical and Biological Weapons, Conflict, and WMD Programs  

U.S. Health Policy, Government, and Institutional Changes 

AI, Synthetic Biology and Emerging Risks 

Public Health, COVID, and Epidemiology  

Podcasts

Thirty Years of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): Histories, Achievements, Challenges 

The new open-access volume, Thirty Years of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): Histories, Achievements, and Challenges, provides a timely assessment of one of the most successful arms control regimes, the Chemical Weapons Convention, while highlighting growing stressors relevant to biodefense. The CWC oversaw the verified destruction of the most declared stockpiles of chemical weapons in 2023 and established a robust inspection system through its implementation body – the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) based in The Hague, Netherlands.  

To mark the 30th anniversary of the CWC, contributors organized a conference Thirty Years of Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): Histories, Achievements, Challenges,” held in Berlin on October 5-6, 2023. This meeting aimed to obtain fresh perspectives from various stakeholders on where we are regarding the implementation of the CWC. It also reflected on the history and achievements of the CWC over the past thirty years and explored existing and future challenges as the world prepares for new geopolitical and security environments amid ongoing challenges in volatile regions such as Eastern Europe and the Middle East. In particular, the conference also addressed the question of whether the CWC can serve as a model for the abolition of nuclear weapons.  

NEW: Managing the Challenges of North Korean Nuclear/Missile Threats 

From HKS Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs: “On April 13, join us in welcoming Vann H. Van Diepen, Principle Deputy Assistant Secretary, Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation.”

“This presentation will examine the most strategically significant advances in North Korea’s nuclear and missile capabilities and assess how these developments are reshaping Pyongyang’s doctrine, including a potential shift from a retaliatory deterrent toward a more integrated warfighting posture and a lowered threshold for use under a “pre-empting pre-emption” logic. It will explore the range of strategic and operational options these capabilities enable, as well as the risks of escalation stemming from the regime’s designation of South Korea as the “most hostile state.” Situating these dynamics within the broader geopolitical landscape, the talk will analyze how deepening ties with Russia and shifting relations with China may be influencing North Korea’s force development and strategic calculus. It will conclude with an evaluation of key policy alternatives—including deterrence adaptations, arms control and “freeze” proposals, and changes to the regional security architecture—to address the evolving nuclear and missile challenge.”

This hybrid event will take place on Monday, April 13 from 1:30 PM – 3:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: Webinar – Balancing Research Security and Open Science  

From the Council of Canadian Academies: “In October 2025, the Council of Canadian Academies published their report, Balancing Research Security and Open Science. The report, commissioned by the Public Health Agency of Canada in collaboration with the Defence Research and Development Canada, offers an independent assessment of national and foreign efforts to promote research security and highlights potential strategies to safeguard national interests while preserving the openness that drives discovery, innovation, and prosperity. 

The Centre for Biosecurity is hosting a webinar where members of the Expert Panel on Sensitive Research of Concern are invited to provide an overview of their findings, including measures to identify sensitive research, determine when it is of concern, and how to safeguard it throughout the phases of the research process.” 

The English session will be held on April 15 at 2:00 PM EDT. The French session will be held on April 22 at 11:00 AM EDT. Learn more and register here. 

CBRNe Convergence Canada 2026

CBRNe World is hosting its fourth CBRNe Convergence Canada event this year in Toronto! This event will focus on a range of topical issues, including responding to potential CBRN incidents in the High North, response to terrorist attacks at major sporting events, and presentations on Canadian response capabilities, and the largest CBRN/Hazmat exhibition in Canada.

This event will take place April 13-15 at the Double Tree by Hilton Hotel, Toronto Downtown. Learn more here, and stay tuned for forthcoming information about CBRNe Convergence this November in Knoxville, TN!

2026 Preparedness Summit, “Protecting Our Communities: State and Local Preparedness in Action.” 

From the Preparedness Summit: “This event spotlights the need for increased self-reliance on state and local partnerships amid a changing federal policy and budget landscape. This conference will be the beginning of an ongoing national conversation focusing on the evolution of the public health preparedness system.” 

This virtual event will be held from April 13-16. Learn more and register here. 

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: AIxBiosecurity Summer Fellowship 2026 

From ERA: “ERA, in partnership with the Cambridge Biosecurity Hub, is launching our first 10-week, full-time AIxBiosecurity research fellowship dedicated to tackling biosecurity risks amplified by recent advances in frontier AI capabilities. This fully funded programme equips researchers to investigate ways to reduce extreme risks from engineered and natural biological threats amid rapidly advancing biotechnology and emerging AI capabilities. After a successful 2 month pilot programme, we’re excited to continue working with some of the top talent in AI and Biosecurity.” 

Applications for the fellowship are now open, and the deadline to apply is April 27. Learn more and apply here.  

NEW: Developing a Maximum Containment Laboratory: BSL-4 Biosafety and Biosecurity Considerations – A Webinar 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “Maximum containment laboratories, or BSL-4 labs, provide unique capacity for work on high consequence infectious disease (HCID) pathogens. To enhance national outbreak readiness, Singapore has been strengthening laboratory capability to include a maximum containment laboratory. During this webinar, Adj A/Prof Gladys Tan will share insights from the journey to develop such a lab and discuss biosafety and biosecurity risks that need to be recognized and mitigated.” 

This virtual event will be held on May 7 from 5:30-6:30 PM Singapore Time (GMT +08:00). Learn more and register here. 

Bio-Leadership Summit (BLISS) – Submit your Nominations 

From the Hoover Institution: “Bio-Strategies & Leadership at the Hoover Institution will convene ~300 action-oriented leaders at Stanford for the inaugural Bio Leadership Summit, a one-day event designed to elevate biotechnology culturally and politically, and to speak frankly regarding what biotech leadership looks like across the most important domains of strategic impact. We are looking for leaders—up and coming or established, with or without a biotechnology background—who have a track record of turning ideas into outcomes to participate.” 

The summit will occur on April 14. Learn more and submit your nominations here. 

Council on Strategic Risks Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp Fellowship – Call for Applications 

From CSR: “The Council on Strategic Risks (CSR) is announcing an open call for applications for our 2026 Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp, a unique fellowship opportunity that we will host in the United States. 

Whether arising naturally, by accident, or through a deliberate effort to weaponize infectious diseases, biological threats pose grave risks to international security and stability. This is a highly dynamic time for biological risks, as we are witnessing an incredible pace of technological change against the backdrop of a shifting, dangerous global security landscape. Biological risks are as concerning as ever—and we are entering a new era in terms of the tools and approaches available to mitigate them. Informed by the unique experiences of its staff and years of collaboration across its expert networks, CSR’s work related to biological threats ties to a bold vision: making biological weapons the first category of weapons of mass destruction to be rendered obsolete in terms of their mass-destruction potential; and preventing any future infectious disease outbreaks from reaching pandemic scale. To achieve this goal, CSR is continuing to develop and cultivate creative solutions to address biological threats, including ways countries can effectively prepare for them.” 

Applications are due on April 24. Learn more and apply here. 

Strengthening Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness Through Intergenerational Dialogue – Applications Open  

From the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI): “As breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology outpace global governance, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and The Elders are launching a new intergenerational initiative to generate the ideas and leadership needed for a safer future against biological threats. 

NTI and The Elders are pleased to invite applications for a high-level Intergenerational Dialogue that will focus on emerging technologies, pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response (PPR), and global biosecurity governance. This dialogue will bring together early career professionals with senior global leaders to explore how technological innovation can strengthen health security while reducing catastrophic biological risks. 

Building on NTI’s Next Generation for Biosecurity project and The Elders’ leadership on pandemic prevention and global cooperation, this initiative will foster candid exchange across generations, elevate diverse perspectives, and generate forward-looking ideas to inform global advocacy and policy priorities.” 

The application deadline is Sunday, May 3 at 11:59 PM ET. Learn more and apply here. 

The Global Congress on Chemical Security and Emerging Threats – Call for Abstracts 

From INTERPOL: “The 6th Plenary Meeting of the Global Congress on Chemical Security & Emerging Threats will be in Panama City from 21-24 Sept 2026. The event brings together governments, industry, academia, & international orgs to strengthen chem security through collaboration & action. By providing a platform for multi-sector global cooperation and partnership, the Global Congress enables members to build relationships, exchange expertise, share important information on emerging threats and innovative best practices, and enhance capabilities.” 

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 15. Learn more about the conference here and apply here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 4.3.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights the growing public health risks posed by vaccine hesitancy, highlighted by the ongoing measles outbreaks and shifting federal policies that may undermine trust in scientific institutions. It also spotlights global leadership in biodefense, with a GMU PhD student selected as the U.S. Head Delegate to Y20 USA 2026.  

Thinking about Getting a Master’s in Biodefense?

The George Mason University Schar School of Policy and Government will host an upcoming Master’s in Biodefense information session:  

The Return of Measles: Vaccine Hesitancy and the Erosion of U.S. Public Health  

By: Cameron Daniel Benton 

As globalization increases and societies becomes more interconnected, developing and maintaining strong public health measures is more vital than ever. However, previously eradicated diseases are reemerging in the United States due to vaccine hesitancy and shifting policies under the current presidential administration. The 2025 measles outbreak in West Texas serves as a warning sign of what may follow if the nation continues to neglect preventable diseases. The 2025 West Texas measles outbreak has spread to neighboring states, Mexico, and Canadai and represents a risk to immunocompromised individuals and, in rare cases, to vaccinated individuals through breakthrough infections. ii 

The Trump Administration is actively pivoting away from established, scientific-based evidence and towards dubious alternatives. This shift has damaging implications for local communities that rely on scientific guidance from medical professionals. For example, during the 2025 measles outbreak, Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a known vaccine skeptic, initially downplayed the severity of the crisis, misleadingly suggested that vitamin A prevents measles, and directed the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to distribute additional vitamin A to the Texas Department of Health. iii As a result, some children were hospitalized with both vitamin A toxicity and measles.iv Although Secretary Kennedy later admitted in a Fox News op-ed that the MMR vaccine is “crucial to avoiding potentially deadly disease,”v the conflicting messages from senior government officials contribute to ongoing vaccine hesitancy.  

Vaccine hesitancy is one of several factors for parents to forego life-saving vaccines for easily preventable diseases such as measles. A May 2023 study highlights various social factors, such as misinformation, low trust, and limited perception of personal risk and susceptibility to measles, vi as major drivers of the decline in MMR vaccination rates. The Atlantic interviewed Peter (no last name provided), whose daughter passed away during the 2025 outbreak, which was the first measles-related death in the United States in a decade. Peter remarked that “[measles] is not so new for us” and “everybody has it” since his grandparents and parents had it. He also said that “the vaccination has stuff that we don’t trust.” vii As the vaccination rates and trust in vaccines decrease, children will become more susceptible to otherwise preventable diseases.  

Meanwhile, Dr. Ralph Abraham, the CDC’s Principal Deputy Director, recently said that the uptick in measles cases is “just the cost of doing business with our borders being somewhat porous for global and international travel.” He also emphasized the “personal freedom” of communities that choose to remain unvaccinated.viii This attitude towards measles demonstrates a shift in focus from robust, proactive public health measures to a more reactive approach. Trust in the government will likely decline as the American public perceives low prioritization of preventable disease outbreaks. Continued measles outbreaks will likely disrupt childhood education, become more common throughout the country, and become deadlier.   

The current administration is reversing policy on vaccine safety through more than just public messaging, which is reflected in the data the CDC tracks in the United States. A recent study tracked how certain CDC databases had “unexplained pauses” in their updates. As of October 28th, 2025, 38 (46%) of these databases were paused, and of these, 33 (87%) were related to vaccine monitoring. 34 of the paused databases were not updated within 6 months of the study. These long pauses jeopardize the evidence that public health officials, scientists, government officials, and medical professionals use when evaluating information. The lack of transparency around the pauses further contributes to the decline in public trust.  

In 2025, Secretary Kennedy unilaterally fired the entire board of the CDC’s Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)ix and reduced the recommended childhood vaccine schedule from 17 to 11 vaccines, citing concerns that children receive “too many” vaccines.x These actions align with the administration’s overall indifference towards vaccines and public health. In response, 28 states rejected the revised guidelines and continue to follow recommendations from the American Academy of Pediatrics.xi As parents continue to forgo the MMR vaccine, we may someday see the return of mumps and rubella in the United States. Conflicting vaccine information from two respected scientific agencies will very likely deepen the public’s distrust regarding new recommendations.  

Secretary Kennedy’s restructuring and dismantling efforts of various health departments do not exist in a vacuum and align with President Trump’s transactional view of domestic and international politics. On January 22, 2026, the Trump Administration recently completed the United States’ withdrawal from the World Health Organization (WHO). This withdrawal happened exactly one year after President Trump signed an executive order to initiate the withdrawal process. xii While the long-term effects remain to be seen, the WHO has now lost major funding for various initiatives to combat and monitor various diseases.  

These new public health policies also have negative financial and economic impacts during outbreaks. When children are sick with measles, parents often need to take time off work, pull children out of school, take them to the hospital or urgent care, spend money on medicine, and their jobs lose productivity. State and federal officials also spend valuable resources managing outbreaks, establishing contact tracing, utilizing diagnostics, and initiating emergency responses. xiii Researchers estimate the 2019 measles outbreak in Washington state, for example, cost approximately $3.4 million for 71 measles cases, illustrating how reactive response efforts to preventable diseases generate disproportionate financial strain. xiv   

South Carolina’s Department of Public Health has reported 977 cases of measles in Spartanburg County as of April 3rd 2026,xv Utah’s Department of Health and Human Services  reported 362 casesxvi and Virginia confirmed five cases as of April 1st, 2026. xvii As of April 2nd 2026, the CDC reported 1,671 confirmed cases of measles within 33 different jurisdictions in the United States. xviii The actual number of measles cases are likely underreported due to a lag in reported cases, people not going to the clinic, and the CDC’s shutdown of many centralized health databases. xix As measles continues to spread throughout the country, the Trump Administration can take steps to ensure the public remains healthy, children are protected, and the economy remains stable. The administration, state, and local government officials should invest in measles-related diagnostic kits, training for healthcare workers, and temporarily increase MMR vaccine production. President Trump can also sign new executive orders directing artificial intelligence (AI) companies to shift efforts toward medical research and pharmaceutical production. This will ensure Americans remain healthy, make the U.S. competitive in global markets, and stimulate the economy with positive, tangible, and healthy outcomes. Scientists and public health officials should coordinate, establish, and maintain decentralized health databases to monitor disease reports and track data trends. xx This will reduce dependency on the federal government and enhance accessibility.  

Further Reading:  

1 “Top CDC Official Says Measles Surge Is the ‘Cost of Doing Business’,”  Neurology Advisor  

2 “Utah Measles Outbreak Response,” Utah Department of Health and Human Services 

3 “Measles, Vitamin A, and RFK Jr.’s About-Face,” Christopher Labos, McGill Office for Science and Society  

4 “West Texas children treated for vitamin A toxicity as medical disinformation spreads alongside measles outbreak” University of Nebraska Medical Center  

5 “ROBERT F. KENNEDY JR.: Measles outbreak is call to action for all of us,” Robert F. Kennedy, Jr., Fox News   

6 “Why Parents Say No to Having Their Children Vaccinated against Measles: A Systematic Review of the Social Determinants of Parental Perceptions on MMR Vaccine Hesitancy,” Novilla et al., 2023   

7 “His Daughter Was America’s First Measles Death in a Decade,” Tom Bartlett, The Atlantic  

8 “Members of CDC vaccine panel ousted by RFK Jr. say committee has ‘lost credibility’,” Mary Kekatos, ABC News  

9 “HHS announces unprecedented overhaul of US childhood vaccine schedule,” Stephanie Soucheray and Liz Szabo, CIDRAP  

10 “28 states reject the CDC’s new childhood vaccine schedule, KFF finds,” Austin Littrell, Medical Economics  

11 “United States Completes WHO Withdrawal,” U.S. Department of Health and Human Services  

12 “The Economic Impact of the Ongoing Measles Outbreak,” Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health  

13 “Societal Costs of a Measles Outbreak,” Pike et al., 2022  

14 “2025 Measles Outbreak,” South Carolina Department of Public Health  

15 “About Measles,” Virginia Department of Health  

GMU Biodefense PhD Student Selected as U.S. Head Delegate to Y20 USA 2026 

Figure 1. The new cohort of Y20 Delegates. Carmen Shaw (Head): Food Security and Global Health; Angela Zhong: Global Economy and Job Creation: Jonathan Blackmon: Energy; Omika Suryawanshi: Innovation and Digital Transformation; and Courtney Blankenship: Fragility, Conflict, and Violence. 

George Mason University continues to foster global leadership and policy innovation through its research community. Carmen Shaw, a PhD student in Biodefense, has been selected as the U.S. Head Delegate to the G20 Youth Summit (Y20) in Washington DC, United States in August 2026. She will help lead youth engagement on food security and global health alongside her international peers to develop a final communiqué report that will be delivered to G20 leaders. This recognition highlights GMU’s role in preparing the next generation of leaders addressing complex global challenges.  

IN OTHER NEWS 

Public Health, Pandemic Preparedness, and Biosecurity 

Health Systems Disruptions & Scientific Infrastructure 

Conflict, Military, and Biochemical Threats 

NEW: 2026 Preparedness Summit, “Protecting Our Communities: State and Local Preparedness in Action.” 

From the Preparedness Summit: “This event spotlights the need for increased self-reliance on state and local partnerships amid a changing federal policy and budget landscape. This conference will be the beginning of an ongoing national conversation focusing on the evolution of the public health preparedness system.” 

This virtual event will be held from April 13-16. Learn more and register here. 

Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) 2026 Pre-Conference Workshop: Communications Skills that Transform Science into Action 

From CUGH: “In today’s complex information landscape, great research needs more than publication—it requires communication. This interactive workshop, led by the CUGH Research Committee, the Pulitzer Center, and Global Health NOW, equips global health scientists, researchers, and students with practical skills to amplify their work and translate evidence into impact. Panel discussions among leading journalists, communicators, and academics will deepen participants’ understanding of current communication challenges. Workshops will teach attendees how to craft clear, compelling messages targeting policymakers, practitioners, and the public via op-eds, media interviews, social media, podcasts, newsletters, etc. Hands-on exercises, immediate feedback, and real-world examples will boost attendees’ ability to influence global health dialogue, policy, and action. Transform your research into a story that matters.” 

This event will be held on April 9 from 9:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Learn more and register here.  

Game Changers: Cures for 21st Century Biological Threats 

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council: “The Commission will host its latest meeting, focused on assessing strategies for strengthening biodefense science and technology. They will conceptualize the successes of and challenges facing biodefense technology innovators in an ever-changing threat environment.  

Biotechnology has accelerated at a rapid pace, driven in part by federal investment and policy. Advances in biological sciences create new opportunities for addressing biological events, and the public and private sectors at all levels have a role to play in bolstering these efforts. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the biological threat to food and agriculture, and the international perspective on the threat. The discussions will also touch upon the state of biotechnology innovation and federal regulation, research and development activities.” 

This event will be hybrid (in-person and online) and will be held on Friday, April 10, at 9:00 AM ET. Learn more and register here.  

CBRNe Convergence Canada 2026

CBRNe World is hosting its fourth CBRNe Convergence Canada event this year in Toronto! This event will focus on a range of topical issues, including responding to potential CBRN incidents in the High North, response to terrorist attacks at major sporting events, and presentations on Canadian response capabilities, and the largest CBRN/Hazmat exhibition in Canada.

This event will take place April 13-15 at the Double Tree by Hilton Hotel, Toronto Downtown. Learn more here, and stay tuned for forthcoming information about CBRNe Convergence this November in Knoxville, TN!

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

NEW: The Global Congress on Chemical Security and Emerging Threats – Call for Abstracts 

From INTERPOL: “The 6th Plenary Meeting of the Global Congress on Chemical Security & Emerging Threats will be in Panama City from 21-24 Sept 2026. The event brings together governments, industry, academia, & international orgs to strengthen chem security through collaboration & action. By providing a platform for multi-sector global cooperation and partnership, the Global Congress enables members to build relationships, exchange expertise, share important information on emerging threats and innovative best practices, and enhance capabilities.” 

The call for abstracts is now open, and the applications are due by May 15. Learn more about the conference here and apply here. 

Bio-Leadership Summit (BLISS) – Submit your Nominations 

From the Hoover Institution: “Bio-Strategies & Leadership at the Hoover Institution will convene ~300 action-oriented leaders at Stanford for the inaugural Bio Leadership Summit, a one-day event designed to elevate biotechnology culturally and politically, and to speak frankly regarding what biotech leadership looks like across the most important domains of strategic impact. We are looking for leaders—up and coming or established, with or without a biotechnology background—who have a track record of turning ideas into outcomes to participate.” 

The summit will occur on April 14. Learn more and submit your nominations here. 

Council on Strategic Risks Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp Fellowship – Call for Applications 

From CSR: “The Council on Strategic Risks (CSR) is announcing an open call for applications for our 2026 Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp, a unique fellowship opportunity that we will host in the United States. 

Whether arising naturally, by accident, or through a deliberate effort to weaponize infectious diseases, biological threats pose grave risks to international security and stability. This is a highly dynamic time for biological risks, as we are witnessing an incredible pace of technological change against the backdrop of a shifting, dangerous global security landscape. Biological risks are as concerning as ever—and we are entering a new era in terms of the tools and approaches available to mitigate them. Informed by the unique experiences of its staff and years of collaboration across its expert networks, CSR’s work related to biological threats ties to a bold vision: making biological weapons the first category of weapons of mass destruction to be rendered obsolete in terms of their mass-destruction potential; and preventing any future infectious disease outbreaks from reaching pandemic scale. To achieve this goal, CSR is continuing to develop and cultivate creative solutions to address biological threats, including ways countries can effectively prepare for them.” 

Applications are due on April 24. Learn more and apply here. 

Strengthening Biosecurity & Pandemic Preparedness Through Intergenerational Dialogue – Applications Open  

From the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI): “As breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) and biotechnology outpace global governance, the Nuclear Threat Initiative (NTI) and The Elders are launching a new intergenerational initiative to generate the ideas and leadership needed for a safer future against biological threats. 

NTI and The Elders are pleased to invite applications for a high-level Intergenerational Dialogue that will focus on emerging technologies, pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response (PPR), and global biosecurity governance. This dialogue will bring together early career professionals with senior global leaders to explore how technological innovation can strengthen health security while reducing catastrophic biological risks. 

Building on NTI’s Next Generation for Biosecurity project and The Elders’ leadership on pandemic prevention and global cooperation, this initiative will foster candid exchange across generations, elevate diverse perspectives, and generate forward-looking ideas to inform global advocacy and policy priorities.” 

The application deadline is Sunday, May 3 at 11:59 PM ET. Learn more and apply here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here. 

Pandora Report 3.27.2026

by dkellogg97, posted in Pandora Report

Welcome to this week’s Pandora Report! This issue highlights emerging research and policy developments in biodefense, including governance challenges posed by rapidly evolving technologies like AI, and new insights into global terrorism dynamics linked to geopolitical conflict. We also spotlight achievements from the George Mason University community and share opportunities for those interested in advancing their careers in biodefense.  

Thinking about Getting a Master’s in Biodefense?

The George Mason University Schar School of Policy and Government will host an upcoming Master’s in Biodefense information session:  

GMU Researchers Recognized for Innovation 

George Mason University (GMU), a university that has been recognized consistently for its innovation and entrepreneurship, has been named to the top 100 U.S. universities for patents. This spring, the National Academy of Inventors ranked George Mason No. 92 on its list for patents granted during 2025.  In 2025, the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office issued 14 utility patents to George Mason inventors for methods to improve virtual reality (VR) navigation, traffic congestion, and wound healing.  George Mason researchers Monique L. van Hoek and Barney M. Bishop of the College of Science were awarded a patent for their work with antimicrobial peptides inspired by the Komodo dragon’s natural defenses. The duo has been collaborating since 2009 to study the peptides and their activity against important bacterial pathogens. These synthetic peptides represent a breakthrough in the fight against drug-resistant infections.  

Preventing Biological Weapons Proliferation: Operational Applications of Emerging Technologies 

In a new publication, George Mason University Biodefense alumni, Dr. Miranda Smith, along with Kolja Brockmann and Mark Bromley, review how advances in artificial intelligence (AI) and distributed ledger technology (DLT) are reshaping key regime functions, including how biological research and development, data and materials are managed. Although technologies such as AI and DLT pose potential risks in the life sciences, they also provide benefits such as the ability to support effective laboratory oversight, strengthen export controls, and facilitate national transparency mechanisms. Their overall impact will depend largely on states governance of these technologies, including how they manage data integrity, oversight, interoperability, and equitable access.  

Further Reading:  

Schar School Professor Named Chair of Counterterrorism Editorial Board at Homeland Security Magazine  

Homeland Security Today, a premier nonprofit news outlet, is pleased to announce the appointment of Dr. Mahmut Cengiz, a current Associate Professor at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, as Chair of the Counterterrorism Editorial Board! Dr. Cengiz, along with the others on the Editorial Board, will contribute expert analysis, original research, and strategic insight to inform policymakers across the field of homeland security and help bridge the gap between policy and practice.  

Global Terrorism Spillover of the U.S.-Israel-Iran Conflict 

Dr. Mahmut Cengiz, along with Sean Dilallo, a graduate student in GMU’s International Security program, recently published a paper examining how sustained U.S. and Israeli military strikes on Iran may have led to a spillover effect, increasing terrorist incidents in other Western countries. Reported attacks have targeted synagogues, Jewish institutions such as schools, and U.S. diplomatic facilities – primarily in Europe and Canada. These incidents often appear coordinated and may be linked to proxy networks, though they have not consistently aimed to cause mass casualties. In the United States, the pattern differs, with incidents reflecting more decentralized, lone-actor terrorism. These individuals appear to be inspired by a mix of pro-Iranian sentiment and ISIS-inspired radicalization. Overall, the authors argue that the return of U.S. combat operations in the Middle East underscores a complex and evolving threat environment, coinciding with a rise of inspired attacks across North America and Europe. The paper concludes by emphasizing the importance of community involvement in counterterrorism efforts. Early detection of potential threats often depends on public awareness and reporting, particularly given the limits of law enforcement resources and authority. Building and maintaining trust between security agencies and local communities will be essential moving forward.  

Further Reading: 

IN OTHER NEWS 

Biodefense, Threat Reduction, and Security 

Public Health Systems and U.S. Policy 

Outbreaks, Surveillance and Bioincidents  

NEW: The AI Debates – Did an LLM Write This?  

From the Council on Strategic Risks: “The Converging Risks Lab presents the AI Debates. Does the cognitive offloading that results from using AI tools, specifically Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Claude, or Gemini, degrade critical thinking skills? And if it does, what are the consequences for the national security workforce, on whose clarity of thinking the United States specifically depends? 

This debate series aims to wrestle with that essential question made more urgent as agencies and departments, notably the Department of Defense and the Department of State, accelerate the diffusion of AI tools throughout their workforces. Over the introductory panel and three debates, this series will identify AI risks for three specific subsets of the national security workforce: active-duty servicemembers, intelligence analysts, and defense contractors.” 

The introductory panel will be held virtually on April 1 at 12:00 PM EDT. Learn more and register here.  

NEW: Consortium of Universities for Global Health (CUGH) 2026 Pre-Conference Workshop: Communications Skills that Transform Science into Action 

From CUGH: “In today’s complex information landscape, great research needs more than publication—it requires communication. This interactive workshop, led by the CUGH Research Committee, the Pulitzer Center, and Global Health NOW, equips global health scientists, researchers, and students with practical skills to amplify their work and translate evidence into impact. Panel discussions among leading journalists, communicators, and academics will deepen participants’ understanding of current communication challenges. Workshops will teach attendees how to craft clear, compelling messages targeting policymakers, practitioners, and the public via op-eds, media interviews, social media, podcasts, newsletters, etc. Hands-on exercises, immediate feedback, and real-world examples will boost attendees’ ability to influence global health dialogue, policy, and action. Transform your research into a story that matters.” 

This event will be held on April 9 from 9:00 AM – 4:00 PM ET. Learn more and register here.  

NEW: Biosecurity Simulation Exercise (BSX 2026): Laboratory Incidents & Deliberate Biothreats 

From the Asia Centre for Health Security: “This table-top simulation exercise aims to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-disciplinary preparedness for laboratory biosafety and biosecurity (LBB) and deliberate biothreat events (DBE). Through lectures, discussions, and structured, scenario-driven exercises, participants will explore decision-making to detect, risk-assess, and manage high-consequence biological incidents under conditions of incomplete information and unfolding events. Participants will collaborate in teams, building on expert perspectives to address issues in surveillance, diagnostics, public health response, security assessment, and risk communication.” 

This in-person event will be held from August 27-28. Learn more and register here. 

Game Changers: Cures for 21st Century Biological Threats 

From the Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense at the Atlantic Council: “The Commission will host its latest meeting, focused on assessing strategies for strengthening biodefense science and technology. They will conceptualize the successes of and challenges facing biodefense technology innovators in an ever-changing threat environment.  

Biotechnology has accelerated at a rapid pace, driven in part by federal investment and policy. Advances in biological sciences create new opportunities for addressing biological events, and the public and private sectors at all levels have a role to play in bolstering these efforts. This meeting of the Commission will discuss the biological threat to food and agriculture, and the international perspective on the threat. The discussions will also touch upon the state of biotechnology innovation and federal regulation, research and development activities.” 

This event will be hybrid (in-person and online) and will be held on Friday, April 10, at 9:00 AM ET. Learn more and register here.  

CBRNe Convergence Canada 2026

CBRNe World is hosting its fourth CBRNe Convergence Canada event this year in Toronto! This event will focus on a range of topical issues, including responding to potential CBRN incidents in the High North, response to terrorist attacks at major sporting events, and presentations on Canadian response capabilities, and the largest CBRN/Hazmat exhibition in Canada.

This event will take place April 13-15 at the Double Tree by Hilton Hotel, Toronto Downtown. Learn more here, and stay tuned for forthcoming information about CBRNe Convergence this November in Knoxville, TN!

International Conference CBRNe Research & Innovation  

From CBRNE: “The last 40 years have demonstrated that both military and civilian populations could be exposed to highly hazardous CBRNE agents following conflicts, natural outbreaks and disasters, industrial incidents or terrorist attacks. Worldwide, researchers, responders and industrial capacities have been commited to provide adapted response to these challenges. The CBRNE Research & Innovation Conference includes workshops and demonstrations of innovative materials, technologies and procedures, according to the following themes: Detection (identification), Protection (decontamination, medical countermeasures), and risk & crisis management.  

This event will take place in Arcachon, France, from May 19 – 21, 2026. Learn more and RSVP here. 

GHS 2026

From GHS: “We’re excited to officially announce that the 4th Global Health Security Conference (GHS2026) will be held in Kuala Lumpur on the 9 – 12 June, 2026!”

“Building on the incredible momentum of GHS2024 in Sydney, we look forward to bringing together the global health security community once again – this time in one of Southeast Asia’s most vibrant and dynamic cities.”

“Registration and Call for Abstracts are now live!”

Learn more, submit abstracts, and register here.

ICGEB Fellowships for Scientists in Biosecurity  

From the International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology: “With the co-funding of the Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation through the United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA), BWC ISU, the ICGEB offers early-career scientists from OECD/DAC countries a fellowship at ICGEB laboratories in Italy, India, South Africa and at the ICGEB Regional Research Centre in China, to receive hands on training in life sciences and detection and response to biological threats.” 

The closing date for applications is March 31, 23:59 CET. Learn more and apply here. 

Bio-Leadership Summit (BLISS) – Submit your Nominations 

From the Hoover Institution: “Bio-Strategies & Leadership at the Hoover Institution will convene ~300 action-oriented leaders at Stanford for the inaugural Bio Leadership Summit, a one-day event designed to elevate biotechnology culturally and politically, and to speak frankly regarding what biotech leadership looks like across the most important domains of strategic impact. We are looking for leaders—up and coming or established, with or without a biotechnology background—who have a track record of turning ideas into outcomes to participate.” 

The summit will occur on April 14. Learn more and submit your nominations here. 

Council on Strategic Risks Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp Fellowship – Call for Applications 

From CSR: “The Council on Strategic Risks (CSR) is announcing an open call for applications for our 2026 Mid-Career Biodefense Bootcamp, a unique fellowship opportunity that we will host in the United States. 

Whether arising naturally, by accident, or through a deliberate effort to weaponize infectious diseases, biological threats pose grave risks to international security and stability. This is a highly dynamic time for biological risks, as we are witnessing an incredible pace of technological change against the backdrop of a shifting, dangerous global security landscape. Biological risks are as concerning as ever—and we are entering a new era in terms of the tools and approaches available to mitigate them. Informed by the unique experiences of its staff and years of collaboration across its expert networks, CSR’s work related to biological threats ties to a bold vision: making biological weapons the first category of weapons of mass destruction to be rendered obsolete in terms of their mass-destruction potential; and preventing any future infectious disease outbreaks from reaching pandemic scale. To achieve this goal, CSR is continuing to develop and cultivate creative solutions to address biological threats, including ways countries can effectively prepare for them.” 

Applications are due on April 24. Learn more and apply here. 

Bio-attribution Challenge 

From DARPA: “Translate your bio-attribution research into national security impact. In an era of unprecedented biological data generation, the ability to rapidly determine the origin of a biological event — whether natural, accidental, or intentional — is a critical component of national security and public health. To meet the challenge of finding the “needle in a haystack” within this data deluge, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) has launched the Bio-Attribution Challenge. 

This virtual competition calls on innovators to develop a new generation of tools capable of analyzing petabyte-scale datasets in near real-time, far exceeding the capacity of current systems. The goal is to revolutionize how we identify and trace the source of biological sequences, ensuring a faster, more effective response to potential threats. Register for virtual competition to win a share of $180,000 in Prizes.” 

The deadline to register is June 15. Learn more and register here.